2020高中語(yǔ)文知識(shí)重點(diǎn)總結(jié)
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2020高中語(yǔ)文知識(shí)重點(diǎn)總結(jié)一
1第三人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)后動(dòng)詞不加s
不加，第三人稱(chēng)復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式，即原形，不能加S。
his mother often feeds food to him and carries him in her arms。
他媽媽經(jīng)常喂他食物，抱著他。
2什么是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)
第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)是英語(yǔ)中的一種語(yǔ)法，也稱(chēng)“三單”或“單三”，用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句子，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞在第三人稱(chēng)后時(shí)：
1.一般情況+s，如run-runs;get-gets。
2.以s、x、ch、sh和o結(jié)尾，+es，如pass-passes;fix-fixes;watch-watches;teach-teaches;wash-washes;go-goes;do-does。
3.以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾，變y為i+es，如study-studies;fly-flies。
4.特殊情況，不規(guī)則，如have-has。
2020高中語(yǔ)文知識(shí)重點(diǎn)總結(jié)二
不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng)
一般式 to do to be done
進(jìn)行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing
1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見(jiàn)到你。
2) 完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
2020高中語(yǔ)文知識(shí)重點(diǎn)總結(jié)三
動(dòng)詞不定式
1 不定式作賓語(yǔ)
1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式
afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見(jiàn)另一輛車(chē)。
I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。
2) 動(dòng)詞+不定式;動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話(huà)。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話(huà)。
3) 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?/p>
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買(mǎi)哪一種。
注意
疑問(wèn)詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：The question is how to put it into practice. 問(wèn)題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。
2. 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do)
advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn
a.Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！?/p>
b.We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法
Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語(yǔ)，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例題
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的賓語(yǔ)后面，用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，起賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。
2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。
acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱(chēng)), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。
典型例題
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說(shuō)明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。
3) to be +形容詞
seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean
The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人們認(rèn)為這本書(shū)沒(méi)什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。 注意
有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。
Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。
3. 不定式作主語(yǔ)
1) It's easy (for me) to do that. 我做這事太容易了。
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice. 聽(tīng)到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 當(dāng)你不用車(chē)的時(shí)候，鎖車(chē)是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。
kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。 注意
1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It is? to?的句型
(對(duì))To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見(jiàn)。(錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.
It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀(guān)形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很難的。
2) of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀(guān)感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。
for 與of 的辨別方法
用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice. (通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。He is hard. (人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)
4. 不定式作表語(yǔ)
不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語(yǔ)。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
5. 不定式作定語(yǔ)
不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
6. 不定式作狀語(yǔ)
1) 目的狀語(yǔ)
To? only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)? as to? (如此??以便??) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車(chē)。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。
2) 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表事先沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例題
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于"形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。
用作介詞的to
to 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形; 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞：admit to承認(rèn)，confess to承認(rèn)，be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于，be used to 習(xí)慣于，stick to 堅(jiān)持，turn to開(kāi)始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to
注意
省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make：
3) 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。
注意
在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.
4) would rather，had better：
5) Why? / why not?：
6) help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：
7) but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。
8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去：
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比較：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例題
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。
2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。
動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window?
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過(guò)的時(shí)候，她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。
典型例題
1) Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。
3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式?？梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對(duì)，因此B，D不對(duì)。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。 不定式的特殊句型too?to?
1) too?to 太?以至于?
He is too excited to speak. 他太激動(dòng)了，說(shuō)不出話(huà)來(lái)。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。
2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定， too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (諺語(yǔ)) 改過(guò)不嫌晚。
3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非常? 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。
2) so kind as to ---勞駕
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。
不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為："為什么不???" "干嗎不???"
例如：Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假?
2020高中語(yǔ)文知識(shí)重點(diǎn)總結(jié)四
可用于“動(dòng)詞+sb+ofsth”的8個(gè)常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞
accusesb.ofsth.控告某人犯某事(罪)，指責(zé)某人做某事
cheatsb.fosth.騙取某人某物
curesb.ofsth.治好某人的病，改掉某人的壞習(xí)慣
informsb.ofsth.通知某人某情況(事)
remindsb.ofsth.使某人想起某情況(事)
ridsb.ofsth.使某人擺脫某物
robsb.ofsth.搶劫某人的某東西
warnsb.ofsth.警告某人有某情況
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