高中英語的聽力技巧分析(2)
高中英語的語法的錯(cuò)誤類型
主謂關(guān)系中人稱和數(shù)量不一致性
漢語的動(dòng)詞不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的影響，但英語的謂語動(dòng)詞要和主語保持一致，謂語動(dòng)詞要隨著主語而變化。而學(xué)生主要用漢語思維，因此他們往往沒有習(xí)慣去考慮主語是第幾人稱，是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。
例如：
a. A number of students is going to learn a foreign language.
b. He go to school by bike every day.
分析：a句中的a number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。b中 He是第三人稱單數(shù)，在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)中謂語動(dòng)詞go應(yīng)該加es。
時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤
高中生在寫作中經(jīng)常在時(shí)態(tài)方面犯錯(cuò)誤。英語時(shí)態(tài)種類繁多，動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成形式隨著時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。中文里沒有時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)分。動(dòng)作或動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間由跟在動(dòng)詞后的諸如 “著”、“了”、“過”等副詞來表示，對(duì)高中生來說，掌握英語的時(shí)態(tài)不是很容易。實(shí)際上，學(xué)習(xí)者在頭腦里很清楚語法規(guī)則，但經(jīng)?；煜蛲浉淖儎?dòng)詞的詞形。
例如：
a. A baby can cry as soon as it was born.
b. I spend 50 yuan buying the clothes.
c. I will not come here if it will rain tomorrow.
正確的句子：
a. A baby can cry as soon as it is born.
b. I spent 50 yuan buying the clothes.
c. I will not come here if it rains tomorrow.
分析：第一句是一個(gè)常識(shí)問題，應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。第二句“我買這件衣服花了50元”應(yīng)該是過去時(shí)態(tài)。第三句主句是一般將來時(shí)，從句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。
語態(tài)錯(cuò)誤
動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式在英語中比比皆是，學(xué)生由于漢語思維的影響，很少考慮到用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。雖然中文里也有被動(dòng)式的含義，但與英語里被動(dòng)式表達(dá)方式完全不同。英語里的被動(dòng)式要求有助動(dòng)詞be和一個(gè)變異的過去分詞形式，其中這個(gè)助動(dòng)詞帶有時(shí)態(tài)和人稱數(shù)量信息，中文里需要使用諸如“被”、“使”、“讓”等詞語，不需要有不規(guī)則的動(dòng)詞形式。這對(duì)中國的學(xué)習(xí)者來說就有潛在的困難。
例如：
a. New bicycles must keep inside.
b. The book has to return at the end of the week.
c. The food has cooked.
d. Knife should take away from babies.
正確的句子：
a. New bicycles must be kept inside.
b. The book has to be returned at the end of the week.
c. The food has been cooked.
d. Knives should be taken away from babies.
很明顯，這些句法結(jié)構(gòu)己經(jīng)被確認(rèn)為未能正確使用英語中的被動(dòng)式。學(xué)生還會(huì)犯一些其它方面的錯(cuò)誤，其中之一是，常常把英語里沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的詞(組)，如 take place, occur, happen, belong to，appear, break out, rise, die等用作被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
連詞的錯(cuò)誤
連詞主要有兩類，即并列連詞和從屬連詞，考查點(diǎn)主要是并列連詞(分遞進(jìn)式、轉(zhuǎn)折式、選擇式和因果式四種)之間的誤用(主要是but與so/and之間的誤用)，從屬連詞之間的誤用以及并列連詞與從屬連詞之間的誤用等。
例如：
a. He had little to eat and a large house to live in.
b. He had no sooner arrived when he fell ill.
c. If you go this way, and you will soon see the hospital.
正確的句子：
a. He had little to eat but a large house to live in.
b. He had no sooner arrived than he fell ill.
c.1f you go this way，you will soon see the hospital.
名詞的錯(cuò)誤
名詞主要考查單數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)名詞，這主要是受東西方文化差異的影響，英語中除了不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)名詞用單數(shù)外，可數(shù)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。另外還有一些特殊形式。
例如：
a. What a beautiful weather we are having today!
b. Please give my best regard to your parents.
c. I have got good marks in all my subject.
正確的句子：
a. What beautiful weather we are having today!
b. Please give my best regards to your parents.
c. I have got good marks in all my subjects.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞的錯(cuò)誤
這類錯(cuò)誤有以下幾種情況：
① 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞使用過去時(shí)態(tài);
?、?情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞加“s”;
③ 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)詞加“ing”;
?、?rdquo;will”后面的“be”動(dòng)詞用“am、“is”或“are ”;
?、葜鷦?dòng)詞“do”后面的動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)態(tài);
⑥。助動(dòng)詞“do”后面的動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)加“s";⑦ 助動(dòng)詞“do”后面的動(dòng)詞加“ing”等。
例如：
a. I could did my homework.
b. He may goes to school by bike every day.
正確的句子：
a. I could do my homework.
b. He may go to school by bike every day.
固定搭配
錯(cuò)誤有介詞短語的搭配，固定詞組的搭配，更多的是特殊動(dòng)詞的搭配和用法出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤最多。很多學(xué)習(xí)者在記單詞的時(shí)候，不記搭配和真正用法，
錯(cuò)誤如下：
a. He suggested to go there on his bike.
b. My teacher explained me the text very carefully.
c. My mother made me to choose the one I liked best.
正確的句子：
a. He suggested going there on his bike.
b. My teacher explained to me the text very carefully.
c. My mother made me choose the one I liked best.
據(jù)以上的分析，中國學(xué)習(xí)者的英語應(yīng)用很大程度上受到其母語的影響，直接翻譯，沒有記住這些動(dòng)詞的特殊用法。
非謂語動(dòng)詞
錯(cuò)誤由于學(xué)生對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的概念不清楚，對(duì)不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞的用法不明白，對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析不正確，常把非謂語動(dòng)詞誤用作謂語動(dòng)詞。學(xué)生不知道在英語句子中謂語動(dòng)詞只能有一個(gè)，如果有另外一個(gè)動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞有三種情況：一是并列謂語，但是這時(shí)候必須有連詞，如and, but等;二是出現(xiàn)在從句里面;三就是以分詞形式出現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，還有不定式?，F(xiàn)在分詞有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)的含義，而過去區(qū)分詞有被動(dòng)語態(tài)和完成時(shí)的含義，不定式有將來時(shí)態(tài)的意義。
例如：
a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things look at.
b. I am looking forward to see you.
正確的句子：
a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things to look at.
b. I am looking forward to seeing you.
分析：a句中己有謂語動(dòng)詞there are，用來修飾things，此句缺的是后置定語。b句look forward to是一個(gè)固定短語，后面要接動(dòng)名詞。c句要用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，跟所修飾的名詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，因此用“sleeping”，相當(dāng)于 “the child who is sleeping"。
冠詞錯(cuò)誤
學(xué)生在翻譯時(shí)常會(huì)忘了考慮冠詞，或者說不重視冠詞這個(gè)問題，常有多用或少用或錯(cuò)用的弊病。
冠詞考查分兩個(gè)方面，一是冠詞的殘缺或多余，考生要注意關(guān)于含有冠詞(不含冠詞)的用法以及加冠詞與不加冠詞的區(qū)別，如：in charge of與in the charge of, out of question與out of the question的區(qū)別。二是冠詞the, a, an(不定冠詞和定冠詞)之間的相互誤用。
英漢名詞確有許多共同點(diǎn)，但是也有不少不同點(diǎn)。英語名詞有可數(shù)與不可數(shù)之分，漢語里沒有，且一般情況下，名詞都可受到數(shù)量詞的限制。因此，英語寫作中，一旦涉及到advice, news, progress, weather， information等少數(shù)常用不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，學(xué)生往往會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。
不過，在使用英語不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，又會(huì)出現(xiàn)兩種情況，一種是絕不可以用a/an或數(shù)詞來直接修飾，如上述提及的幾個(gè)名詞：另一種情況是，少數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞在被形容詞等修飾后，可用a/an等來修飾。如time(時(shí)間)，rain(雨)。所以我們可以說：We had a wonderful time yesterday.
例如：
a. The air is the most important thing for our existence.
b. The driver brought the car to stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.
c. When sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.
正確的句子：
a. Air is the most important thing for our existence.
b. The driver brought the car to a stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.
c. When the sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.
代詞的錯(cuò)誤
代詞主要有人稱代詞、物主代詞、關(guān)系代詞、反身代詞、疑問代詞、復(fù)合疑問代詞、指示代詞，要注意代詞的各人稱之間和單復(fù)數(shù)之間的誤用，關(guān)系代詞 which, that, as之間的誤用，關(guān)系代詞that與疑問代詞what之間的誤用，關(guān)系代詞which與關(guān)系副詞when, where，以及what與how的誤用等。
例如：
a. We do not like he.
b. If you like this books, you can take them away.
c. His book is different from me.
d. The population of China is larger than those of Japan.
正確的句子：
a. We do not like him.
b. If you like these books, you can take them away.
c. His book is different from mine.
d. The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
漢語里，人稱代詞沒有主格、賓格和所有格之變，而英語中的人稱代詞有主格、賓格和所有格之變，而且每格都具有其自身的用途，分別充當(dāng)主語、賓語和定語等。尤其要注意的是，人稱代詞充當(dāng)介詞賓語時(shí)，也要采用其賓格形式。
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