實(shí)例講解托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作拆分法的使用技巧
在托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作備考中,大家都會(huì)用一些技巧來(lái)更好完成獨(dú)立作文。這其中就有一種方法叫估拆分法。在托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作考試中拆分法是如何應(yīng)用的呢?下面就跟小編一起還學(xué)習(xí)一下,希望對(duì)大家托福備考有幫助。
實(shí)例講解托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作拆分法的使用技巧
名詞的拆分
我們來(lái)看下面的例子:
The movies and television programs made in your own country are more interesting than those made in foreign countries.
我們需要思考的問(wèn)題是:哪些國(guó)外的電影和電視節(jié)目(movies and television programs)可以引起我們的興趣呢?這些電影和電視節(jié)目可能涉及歷史和自然景點(diǎn)(historical and scenic spots)、傳統(tǒng)和風(fēng)俗(tradition and customs)、奇聞和傳說(shuō)(anecdotes and legends)或者是宗教信仰(religious beliefs)等——因此,全文可以從上述任意三個(gè)方面展開(kāi)。
有些考生會(huì)嘗試著拆分foreign countries. 他們將foreign counties拆分為美國(guó)、英國(guó)和印度:美國(guó)的電影和電視節(jié)目更多彰顯美國(guó)文化大熔爐的特征(cultural melting pot);英國(guó)的電影和電視節(jié)目更多表現(xiàn)了“日不落帝國(guó)”(the empire on which the Sun never sets)的“光輝歲月”(splendid moment);印度的電影和電視節(jié)目更多體現(xiàn)了千年的歷史積淀(historical sediments)——這也是一種可行的拆分方法。
時(shí)間的拆分
我們來(lái)看下面的例子:
Students are more influenced by their teachers than by their friends.
這道題目中有三個(gè)名詞。首先,我們不推薦簡(jiǎn)單地將students拆分為好學(xué)生、一般的學(xué)生和壞學(xué)生——因?yàn)檫@種劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過(guò)于“主觀”,什么是“好學(xué)生”?他們區(qū)別于壞學(xué)生的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)僅僅是學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)嗎?
如果將teachers劃分為語(yǔ)文老師、數(shù)學(xué)老師、英語(yǔ)老師,雖然劃分的依據(jù)是客觀的,但這三類老師在多大程度上會(huì)以不同的方式影響學(xué)生呢——在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,這三類老師可能影響學(xué)生的方面是相同的。
將friends拆分為好朋友、較好的朋友、一般的朋友——這樣的劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不但不清楚,而且這三種朋友在對(duì)學(xué)生個(gè)人的影響方面也很難存在明顯的差異。
那么,面對(duì)這種題目我們應(yīng)該怎么辦呢?如果題目中不存在合適的可以被拆分的名詞,我們需要考慮的是題目中所“隱含”的拆分條件,如:時(shí)間 和 地點(diǎn)。
如果從 時(shí)間 的角度來(lái)拆分students,我們不難想到:對(duì)小學(xué)生、中學(xué)生和大學(xué)生而言,老師所教授他們的東西是“截然相異”的,這些也是朋友所不能做到的。老師教授學(xué)生的內(nèi)容有:小學(xué)時(shí)期最為基礎(chǔ)的道德規(guī)范(basic moral standards)、中學(xué)時(shí)期的知識(shí)(knowledge)和大學(xué)時(shí)期的社會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)(social experience)。一般而言,我們可以把個(gè)人的成長(zhǎng)分為兒童時(shí)期(in early childhood)、少年時(shí)期(in adolescence)和成人時(shí)期(in adulthood)等。
地點(diǎn)的拆分
我們來(lái)看下面的例子:
Students can get as many benefits from organization activities as they can get from academic studies.
這道題目有多種拆分方法。我們既可以拆分students(小學(xué)生、中學(xué)生、大學(xué)生),又可以拆分benefits(擴(kuò)展視野、提高能力、交朋友),當(dāng)然也可以拆分organization activities. 在哪里的組織活動(dòng)呢?在校內(nèi)(on campus),學(xué)生參加大量組織活動(dòng),如興趣小組(hobby groups),可以“學(xué)以致用”(apply theory into practice);在校外(off campus),學(xué)生可以以志愿者(volunteer)的形式參加公益活動(dòng)(public benefit activities),進(jìn)而培養(yǎng)自身的社會(huì)責(zé)任感(social responsibility)。一般而言,我們可以從家庭(at home)、學(xué)校(in school)、單位(in the workplace)三個(gè)地點(diǎn)對(duì)題目進(jìn)行拆分,這也是和個(gè)人的生活、學(xué)習(xí)和工作三個(gè)方面緊密相連的。
看了上面的方法,大家可以拿一些真題來(lái)進(jìn)行練習(xí),無(wú)論是從官方真題Official中還是從機(jī)經(jīng)中,都可以找到真題進(jìn)行練習(xí),這樣對(duì)自己的托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作提高很有幫助。
如何有效地提高托福寫(xiě)作水平
第一,需要考生有一定的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)。
語(yǔ)法一直是中國(guó)英語(yǔ)教育的核心,對(duì)于中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)講一般不是太大的困難。而且新托福寫(xiě)作對(duì)于學(xué)生的語(yǔ)法要求不會(huì)很高,在懂得主謂賓正常的構(gòu)句規(guī)則的基礎(chǔ)上,加上對(duì)各種從句以及幾個(gè)特殊句式(強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句)的運(yùn)用,就足以應(yīng)付托福寫(xiě)作。很多基礎(chǔ)相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)薄弱的考生經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到的困境是:對(duì)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法產(chǎn)生恐懼,因?yàn)椴粚?xiě)不錯(cuò),一寫(xiě)就錯(cuò)。這部分考生克服這個(gè)困難的辦法是:多去動(dòng)筆寫(xiě),寫(xiě)完了讓老師或者是身邊英語(yǔ)比較好的同學(xué)幫忙改,弄懂每一個(gè)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤是為什么道理,切不可消極怠工,意志沉淪。
第二,文章結(jié)構(gòu)最重要。
托福寫(xiě)作通常是一個(gè)五段三點(diǎn)式的寫(xiě)作,通常我們也叫魚(yú)骨頭(Fish Bone)式。這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)就是最為普遍的議論文結(jié)構(gòu),開(kāi)頭段+中間三段+結(jié)尾段。千萬(wàn)不要小看這樣的結(jié)構(gòu),以為這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單,過(guò)于八股。其實(shí),新托福寫(xiě)作考查的也就是考生是否會(huì)熟練運(yùn)用這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)去表達(dá)自己對(duì)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的看法。美國(guó)的高中生會(huì)專門(mén)用一年的時(shí)間來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。所以在準(zhǔn)備托福寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候,應(yīng)該特別注意要熟練運(yùn)用五段三點(diǎn)式這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。
第三,語(yǔ)言需要有一定程度上的多樣性。
語(yǔ)言多樣性分為句式的多樣性和詞匯的多樣性。新托??荚囌f(shuō)到底,還是在考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言能力。文章結(jié)構(gòu)就是一個(gè)人的骨架,那么剩下來(lái)的工作就是需要往這具空空的骨架中添加進(jìn)生動(dòng)的血肉,這就是我們的語(yǔ)言了。新托福寫(xiě)作考試對(duì)于考生的語(yǔ)言水平最基本的要求是沒(méi)有太多的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,也就是考生所犯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤不會(huì)影響到文章的理解。在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上,新托??荚囘€要求學(xué)生會(huì)熟練運(yùn)用一些句式、詞匯,使文章看起來(lái)很native。句式的多樣性是很容易通過(guò)老師的指導(dǎo)在短時(shí)間內(nèi)得到迅速的提升的,但是詞匯的多樣性卻要在很大程度上依靠考生自己平時(shí)自身的積累,光靠老師的總結(jié)是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的,再好的老師也永遠(yuǎn)不可能把所有的詞匯總結(jié)出來(lái)。對(duì)于想要在寫(xiě)作部分取得高分的考生而言的(所謂的高分就是寫(xiě)作部分得到25分以上)就必須下工夫去提高自己語(yǔ)言多樣性上的修養(yǎng),對(duì)于普通的考生而言,只需要適當(dāng)運(yùn)用就可。
第四,我們必須注意中西方文化的差異對(duì)于我們新托福寫(xiě)作的影響。
在新托福寫(xiě)作中我們一定要使用演繹式的寫(xiě)作方式,切忌使用歸納式的方式。原因在于:使用演繹式的寫(xiě)作方式,一開(kāi)始就亮出觀點(diǎn),使讀者很清晰地明白作者的觀點(diǎn),于是讀者就會(huì)更好地理解下面的相關(guān)論證,使得讀者更容易覺(jué)得文章的思路清晰,邏輯嚴(yán)密;而使用歸納式的寫(xiě)作方式,讀者在閱讀之前的論證的時(shí)候,自己心里也會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)自己的觀點(diǎn),也就是說(shuō)讀者自己就會(huì)先于作者得出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),要是當(dāng)最后作者的觀點(diǎn)與讀者的觀點(diǎn)相異時(shí),就會(huì)很容易的使讀者認(rèn)為作者的思路不清晰,邏輯不嚴(yán)密。
第五,我們必須要注意新托福機(jī)考的特殊性。
很多孩子平時(shí)在家都使用的是筆記本電腦,而正式考試的時(shí)候使用是臺(tái)式機(jī),筆記本電腦和臺(tái)式機(jī)的鍵盤(pán)是有所區(qū)別的,手感也是有很大的差異,所以平時(shí)練習(xí)寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候需要使用最普通的電腦鍵盤(pán)。這些細(xì)節(jié)往往就是決定成敗的重要砝碼。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的三類高頻句型
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作三類高頻句型整理:提出背景句式
1)It’s generally agreed that ... ... (人們普遍認(rèn)為... ...)
2)There is a growing body of opinion that ... ... (越來(lái)越多的人認(rèn)為... ...)
3)An increasing number of people have the tendency to believe that ... ... (越來(lái)越多的人傾向于認(rèn)為... ...)
4)Some people, especially the old, believe that ... ... (一些人,尤其是老人,認(rèn)為... ...)
5)Other people, the young in particular, argue that ... ... (別的人,尤其是年輕人,認(rèn)為... ...)
6)Some current analyses conclude that ... ... (當(dāng)下的一些分析表明... ...)
7)... ... is a heated topic in our times. (... ...是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代火熱的一個(gè)話題)
8)The topic about ... ... has been raging for decades. (關(guān)于... ...的話題已經(jīng)風(fēng)行幾十年了)
9)... ... is an eternal/a perpetual topic in our daily lives. (... ...是我們?nèi)粘I钪幸粋€(gè)永恒的話題)
10)... ... is one of the most talked about topics in the contemporary society. (... ...是當(dāng)代社會(huì)討論最多的話題之一)
11)Recently, the impact that ... ... has had on our daily lives, in general,is huge and undeniable. (近年來(lái), ... ...對(duì)我們?nèi)粘I畹挠绊?,總的?lái)說(shuō),是巨大且不可避免的)
12)With the gradual perfection and progressive amelioration of ... ..., sweeping changes have been brought into our lives. (隨著... ...的不斷完善和進(jìn)一步提高,人們的生活發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化)
13)In terms of ... ..., sometimes we find ourselves in dilemmas. (談到... ...時(shí),我們有時(shí)候會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己左右為難)
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作三類高頻句型整理:個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)句式
1)I am totally convinced that ... ... (我百分百確信... ...)
2)I personally tend to believe that ... ... (我個(gè)人傾向于認(rèn)為... ...)
3)From my perspective, ... ... is without doubt a better option. (依我看,... ...毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是個(gè)更好的選擇)
4)According to the evidence offered above, I can hardly agree that ... ...(綜合以上證明,我很難同意... ...)
5)With respect to ... ..., I am pretty sure that I’m on the same/opposite side of it.(關(guān)于... ...,我很確定是站在正/反方的立場(chǎng))
6)Although it’s no simple task for us to make a prudent and satisfying choice, I still wholeheartedly believe that ... ... (盡管對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō),做一個(gè)謹(jǐn)慎友令人滿意的選擇是很困難的,但是我仍然全心全意地相信... ...)
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作三類高頻句型整理:引出爭(zhēng)議句式
1)There is no consensus on whether...yet. (關(guān)于是否該... ...,現(xiàn)在仍然沒(méi)有一個(gè)定論)
2)Whether...is an issue open to debate. (是否該... ...,這是一個(gè)有待討論的問(wèn)題)
3)Whether...is a boon or bane is still open to debate. (... ...是好是壞/是對(duì)是錯(cuò),這有待討論)
4)The issue of whether…h(huán)as triggered intense debate. (是否該... ...,這個(gè)問(wèn)題引發(fā)了一個(gè)激烈的討論)
5)The debate over whether...has been going on for a long time. (關(guān)于... ...的討論已經(jīng)持續(xù)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了)
6)When it comes to ... ..., people tend to hold different viewpoints. (當(dāng)談到... ...的時(shí)候,人們傾向于持有不同的觀點(diǎn))
7)Most of the public tend to advocate that ... ... ,while I doubt whether the argument needs more analyses. (大多數(shù)人傾向于主張... ..., 但是我認(rèn)為這有待進(jìn)一步討論)
托福寫(xiě)作范文:保護(hù)環(huán)境與提供更多的糧食哪個(gè)重要?
寫(xiě)作題目:
Modern agriculture methods damage the environment, but providing food for the growing population around the world is more important than protecting the environment.現(xiàn)代的農(nóng)業(yè)作業(yè)方法對(duì)環(huán)境有傷害,但是給全世界與日俱增的人群提供糧食比保護(hù)環(huán)境更重要。
范文:
Modern agriculture methods like the use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers are widely used around the world. Along with such brings forth negative effects. The most obvious and detrimental impact of modern agriculture methods is environmental degradation. Many people believe that the environmental risks should not be taken into consideration since many people are suffering from the lack of food. I certainly disagree with this.
To begin with, despite the fact that there are people who suffer from starvation, the reason is not because of the lack of food. As a matter of fact, tons of grains and corns are wasted every year. If the government and the general public really care about starving people, they should have enough ability and adequate materials to offer help. People suffer just because of bad management, worldwide corruption, and terrible indifference. So there is no need to destroy wilderness areas or use environmentally-damaging agricultural methods to increase productivity. The world nowadays has more food than we need. As long as corruption and bad management are eradicated, the world would see less people starving.
Besides, the statement asserts that providing food for a growing number of people is more urgent than the protection of environment. I find this statement totally unconvincing. People’s survival depends on the environment. More often than not, whenever the environment gets damaged, the deleterious effects are always irreversible. In other words, once the environment on which we depend on is disrupted, our lives are placed at risk. Modern agriculture, although it provides enough food, has contaminated the water and soil. When people eat crops grown with polluted water and soil, diseases will break out sooner or later. Genetically modified crops, although their negative effects are not obvious and not yet confirmed, should also be treated with great care, for it is reported that dogs, cats, and other pets become sick after ingesting GM food. If human beings are negatively affected by modern agriculture, untold dire consequences will arise. People will suffer from diseases and the government will shoulder considerable medical bills. Worse, the society may become unstable and inharmonious.
From the above discussion, I can draw the conclusion that there are other more effective methods to address starvation. No matter how much food we produce, as long as corruption and wasteful use exist, there will always be starving people. Besides, a healthy natural environment is a basic requirement of our survival. We cannot increase food production at the expense of our environment, lest we are bound to suffer for our inconsideration and recklessness.
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