托福獨(dú)立寫作如何給出合理觀點(diǎn)避免扣分?立論點(diǎn)需躲開(kāi)這2個(gè)雷區(qū)
托福獨(dú)立寫作因?yàn)檎擖c(diǎn)問(wèn)題而扣分的情況并不少見(jiàn)。。下面小編就來(lái)重點(diǎn)解讀兩種托福獨(dú)立寫作中的論點(diǎn)扣分問(wèn)題，一起來(lái)看。
托福獨(dú)立寫作如何給出合理觀點(diǎn)避免扣分?立論點(diǎn)需躲開(kāi)這2個(gè)雷區(qū)
托福獨(dú)立寫作觀點(diǎn)扣分情況分析
在托?？荚嚨膬善?a href='http://zh056.com/zw/' target='_blank'>作文要求中，綜合寫作因?yàn)槠?a href='http://zh056.com/yu/wenzhang/' target='_blank'>文章要求所以不存在觀點(diǎn)方面的扣分，而獨(dú)立寫作由于需要更為完整的論述過(guò)程，因此對(duì)考生在提煉和展開(kāi)文章論點(diǎn)方面就由較高要求了?？忌谡擖c(diǎn)上出問(wèn)題的情況主要有以下兩類：
1. 觀點(diǎn)太空泛無(wú)法寫全寫透
相信看過(guò)一些托福寫作指導(dǎo)經(jīng)驗(yàn)類資料的考生都會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，指導(dǎo)經(jīng)驗(yàn)中經(jīng)常會(huì)要求大家盡量樹(shù)立一些比較具體細(xì)節(jié)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)寫，這其實(shí)很好理解，因?yàn)樵骄唧w能寫的東西就越多。太過(guò)抽象空泛的觀點(diǎn)想要寫好，論述得言之有理是比較困難的，而且經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)論述不全面或是沒(méi)有展開(kāi)就結(jié)束的問(wèn)題?？紤]到托福寫作的時(shí)間有限，觀點(diǎn)樹(shù)立得太空泛就相當(dāng)于考生自己給自己挖坑，最后論述不到位缺乏說(shuō)服力其實(shí)都是因?yàn)樽约簺](méi)有樹(shù)立好觀點(diǎn)。
舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，某篇作文的題目是關(guān)于移動(dòng)電話對(duì)人類生活的影響。如果考生寫出的是很寬泛的“移動(dòng)電話對(duì)人類生活影響很大”，雖然之后看似可以寫很多內(nèi)容，但實(shí)際上是很容易寫不到點(diǎn)子上的，因?yàn)槟苷f(shuō)的話太多大家反而不知道如何突出重點(diǎn)了。這種時(shí)候大家其實(shí)完全可以寫移動(dòng)電話對(duì)衣食住行中任意一點(diǎn)的影響。有了更為細(xì)節(jié)的內(nèi)容，展開(kāi)起來(lái)才會(huì)更加方便，考生也能根據(jù)自己的喜好給出更有說(shuō)服力的論據(jù)，提升文章內(nèi)容的質(zhì)量。
另一篇作文的題目是廣告帶給社會(huì)的干擾。既然是干擾當(dāng)然應(yīng)該有具體內(nèi)容。如果觀點(diǎn)只是說(shuō)廣告會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響那也有觀點(diǎn)太空泛的嫌疑，之后具體要展開(kāi)同樣會(huì)不太好寫。大家可以收縮一下觀點(diǎn)，比如從廣告的誤導(dǎo)性來(lái)具體展開(kāi)，是不是腦子里一下子就多出了很多例子有很多話想說(shuō)了?想要讓文章內(nèi)容更有干貨，觀點(diǎn)太過(guò)空泛是一定要避免的。
2. 論點(diǎn)太窄無(wú)法進(jìn)一步展開(kāi)
另一種比較常見(jiàn)的論點(diǎn)則與上面的情況正好相反，那就是論點(diǎn)太窄了。大家需要明白一點(diǎn)，一篇理想的高分獨(dú)立寫作文章，考生不僅需要有主論點(diǎn)，也需要有分論點(diǎn)，2-3個(gè)中間段其實(shí)就是讓大家在主論點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上拓展出多個(gè)分論點(diǎn)然后分段論述的。如果考生的主論點(diǎn)就太過(guò)狹窄，那么后續(xù)拓展分論點(diǎn)就很難繼續(xù)下去了，無(wú)話可寫只能翻來(lái)覆去重復(fù)主要論點(diǎn)，文章的水準(zhǔn)可想而知。
小編同樣舉個(gè)實(shí)例來(lái)說(shuō)明論點(diǎn)太窄的危害性。比如某次考試的題目是討論為什么有些人喜歡參加危險(xiǎn)的極限運(yùn)動(dòng)。如果你直接給出的觀點(diǎn)是極限運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠放松自己緩解生活壓力。那這個(gè)論點(diǎn)想要進(jìn)一步展開(kāi)的空間其實(shí)就很小了。但如果你把論點(diǎn)寫得寬一點(diǎn)，比如極限運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠帶來(lái)很多益處，之后完全可以把緩解壓力作為分論點(diǎn)來(lái)寫，這樣的論點(diǎn)既方便自己展開(kāi)觀點(diǎn)，也更容易找到各類論據(jù)進(jìn)行論述支持。
總而言之，對(duì)一篇類似于托福獨(dú)立寫作要求的立論文來(lái)說(shuō)，觀點(diǎn)太空或是太窄都是大忌，會(huì)給自己后續(xù)的論述展開(kāi)帶來(lái)很多困難。小編希望大家通過(guò)上文內(nèi)容學(xué)到正確的樹(shù)立提出論點(diǎn)的寫作思路，結(jié)合合理論述寫好托福獨(dú)立作文。
善用媒體資源，提升托福寫作能力
一、善用媒體資源三步走
第一步：腦中有題，心里不慌。
在搜集語(yǔ)料之前，各位考生務(wù)必花2個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間熟悉一下近年來(lái)托福寫作的機(jī)經(jīng)真題，對(duì)考試的范圍、題材等基本要素有所了解。這樣做是為了有的放矢、節(jié)省時(shí)間。例如托福寫作中基本不涉及政治、宗教等敏感話題，也很少出現(xiàn)生命科學(xué)、電子信息等具體的技術(shù)問(wèn)題，因此考生在搜索語(yǔ)料時(shí)應(yīng)該有一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和明確的目標(biāo)。
第二步：去粗取精，提煉精華。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)上能夠搜索到的媒體資源有很多，但并不是所有資源都可以利用、值得利用。文韜老師在此為各位考生確定兩項(xiàng)原則：一是語(yǔ)言必須高大上，例如New York Times、USA Today、The Economist等。這些歐美國(guó)家主流媒體有良好的聲譽(yù)，使用的語(yǔ)言優(yōu)美、簡(jiǎn)練，且經(jīng)過(guò)資深編審把關(guān)，值得信賴。二是選擇有效信息。新聞、評(píng)論等文章一般呈現(xiàn)“倒金字塔”的機(jī)構(gòu)，最重要的信息通常出現(xiàn)在開(kāi)頭部分，之后很可能旁征博引，敘述很多內(nèi)容，因此考生務(wù)必明確一個(gè)主題，選擇最重要、最有用的信息組織語(yǔ)料，用3-4句話把事情說(shuō)清楚、說(shuō)具體。
第三步：聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫，全面提升。
一段好的語(yǔ)料可以從多個(gè)角度充分利用。例如在通讀文章的過(guò)程中可以使用托福閱讀的一些技巧，分清論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、跳過(guò)修飾讀主干、快速梳理句間邏輯等。閱讀之后可以按照托?？谡Z(yǔ)考試的要求進(jìn)行復(fù)述，并針對(duì)一些現(xiàn)象給出簡(jiǎn)單的評(píng)價(jià)。還可以根據(jù)音頻、視頻資料鍛煉聽(tīng)力能力，擴(kuò)大詞匯量。整理好的語(yǔ)料也可以提煉句型，進(jìn)行仿寫練習(xí)。
二、范文演練
接下來(lái)文韜老師帶各位考生具體感受一下。例如我們點(diǎn)擊USA TODAY官網(wǎng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)科技版頭條新聞“Uber首席執(zhí)行官表態(tài)降價(jià)要玩真的(Uber CEO is serious about keeping prices down)”，我們就可以按照閱讀的規(guī)則技巧快速瀏覽，找出文章中有價(jià)值的信息。原文鏈接附上：
http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/09/16/uber-ceo-serious-keeping-prices-down/32512565/
然后我們用3-4句話總結(jié)有用的信息，形成語(yǔ)料：
The CEO of the world biggest ridesharing service Uber Technologies, is serious about the company’s goal of keeping prices low for his customers. During the press conference, the CEO several times brought his arm down emphatically and pointed out that Uber wants to make the cost of its service cheaper than owning a car. To walk the line between capitalism and humanitarianism, Uber needs detailed data about the demand for its service. But always having a reliable ride is what he wants on Uber, and the sharing mode will be so reliable that every customer won’t have to schedule a ride in advance.
這樣一段語(yǔ)料中包含了安全可靠、方便快捷、減少花費(fèi)等豐富的信息，根據(jù)不同題目適當(dāng)修改，就可以作為很好的例證來(lái)使用。如果我們?cè)谶@段語(yǔ)料前面加上一句觀點(diǎn)，做為統(tǒng)領(lǐng)例證的分論點(diǎn)，比如減少花費(fèi)、安全可靠對(duì)人們出行是很重要的，那么就可以構(gòu)造成一個(gè)完整的段落。此外，針對(duì)一些具體題目，我們也可以直接使用。例如在討論商人是不是只看重金錢一題時(shí)，我們就可以用這個(gè)例子作為反駁的依據(jù)，像Uber這樣成功的科技公司的CEO更看重客戶的需求。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，考生只要用這種方法整理約20個(gè)不同題材的語(yǔ)料，就可以輕松搞定托福寫作和口語(yǔ)中的“Independent Task”。當(dāng)然，備考時(shí)間相對(duì)充裕的考生還可以從多個(gè)角度利用語(yǔ)料提升語(yǔ)言能力。例如針對(duì)托?？谡Z(yǔ)考試，我們可以根據(jù)語(yǔ)料對(duì)Ridesharing這種現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行復(fù)述和評(píng)價(jià)，也可以聽(tīng)關(guān)于Uber公司的音頻積累科技、交通類的詞匯等。
托福寫作中可以借鑒的連詞
1. However
1)We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered some errors.我們?cè)詾檫@些數(shù)據(jù)正確，不過(guò)我們現(xiàn)在發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些錯(cuò)誤。
2)However, he smothered, as best he was able, these feelings.然而，他盡其所能抑制住了這些感情。
3)If, however, you are an extrovert you are quite likely to enjoy it.然而，如果你是一個(gè)性格外向的人，你很可能會(huì)喜歡它。
4)It was, however, a little disappointing.不過(guò)，這有點(diǎn)兒令人失望。
2. Nonetheless
1) The book is too long but, nonetheless, informative and entertaining.這本書篇幅太長(zhǎng)，但是很有知識(shí)性和趣味性。
2) The problems are not serious. Nonetheless, we shall need to tackle them soon.問(wèn)題不嚴(yán)重， 不過(guò)我們還是需要盡快處理。
3) Nonetheless, it contains an element of truth.然而它也有些道理。
3. Nevertheless
1) He was very tired, nevertheless he kept working.他累得很，然而仍繼續(xù)工作。
2) There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. Nevertheless, it is important that we try.我們幾乎沒(méi)有可能改變法律。不過(guò)，重要的是我們努力爭(zhēng)取。
3) Nevertheless, they deserve notice and respect.然而，他們應(yīng)該受到重視和尊敬。
4. By comparison
1) He was mortified by comparisons between his classmates’ good marks and his own.拿自己的成績(jī)與同學(xué)們的優(yōu)異成績(jī)相比較他感到羞愧。
2) By comparison, expenditure on education increased last year.相比之下，去年教育經(jīng)費(fèi)增加了。
5. By contrast
1) By contrast, she was much more outspoken.對(duì)比起來(lái)，她坦率得多。
2) When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast.看看他們的新系統(tǒng)，我們的相比之下就顯得太過(guò)時(shí)了。
6. Therefore
1) He is young and therefore easily pervertible.他年輕，因而容易變壞。
2) All sincere opinions should therefore be respected.因此一切誠(chéng)懇的意見(jiàn)都應(yīng)該收到尊重。
3) He is highly strung, and therefore, subject to heart attacks.他神經(jīng)高度緊張，所以很容易發(fā)心臟病。
4) Therefore energy is now not a peripheral but a central issue in the economy.因此，能源在現(xiàn)時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)中并非枝節(jié)問(wèn)題而是一個(gè)中心問(wèn)題。
5) We have a growing population and therefore we need more and more food.我們的人口越來(lái)越多，因此我們需要越來(lái)越多的食物。
7. Hence
1) It’s handmade and hence expensive.這是手工制作的，因此價(jià)格很貴。
2) The computer has become smaller and cheaper and hence more available to a greater number of people.計(jì)算機(jī)已向小型低價(jià)的方向發(fā)展，從而使更多的人能夠用上。
8. Thus
1) Life was thus made richer.生活因此變得更加豐富充實(shí)了。
2) We have failed. Thus we have to take the consequences.我們失敗了。因此，我們只得承擔(dān)后果。
3) We hope the new machine will work faster, thus reducing our costs.我們希望新機(jī)器將工作得更快，從而降低成本。
4) We’re able to do in-depth research and thus spot future trends.我們能作深度的研究，因而能看出來(lái)未來(lái)的趨向。
5) Old people often try to economize on heating, thus endangering their health.老年人常常想方設(shè)法節(jié)約暖氣，結(jié)果損害了他們的健康。
6) The universities have expanded, thus allowing many more people the chance of higher education.大學(xué)擴(kuò)招了，這樣就使更多人能有機(jī)會(huì)接受高等教育。
7) A rise in incomes will create increased purchasing power, thus stimulating demand for goods and services.收入增加會(huì)提高購(gòu)買力，從而刺激對(duì)商品及服務(wù)行業(yè)的需求。
8) We give money to charities, and thus salve our consciences.我們給慈善事業(yè)捐款，從而使自己的良心得到寬慰。
9. In view of
1) In view of the recent developments, we do not think this step advisable.考慮到最近事態(tài)的發(fā)展，我們認(rèn)為這一步不可取。
2) Voluntary work was particularly important in view of the fact that women were often forced to give up paid work on marriage.考慮到婦女婚后常常被迫放棄有償工作，志愿工作就尤為重要。
10. More often than not
1) Food is scarce and more often than not they go hungry.食物特別少，所以他們經(jīng)常挨餓。
2) More often than not, his dog will try to bite his guests.他的狗經(jīng)常會(huì)去咬客人。
11. On the one hand
1) On the one hand they’d love to have kids, but on the other, they don’t want to give up their freedom.一方面，他們想要孩子，但另一方面，他們又不想放棄自由自在的生活。
2) The firm was accommodating its customers on the one hand and making aggressive demands on the other.這家公司一方面盡量給顧客提供方便，另一方面則向他們大提要求。
12. For instance
1) What would you do, for instance, if you found a member of staff stealing?比如說(shuō)，如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)有職員偷東西，你會(huì)怎么辦?
2) It is a very nice town; it’s got very nice shops for instance.那是座非常好的城鎮(zhèn);例如，它有很好的商店。
3) Taking advertising for instance.以廣告為例。
4) Let’s take Napoleon, for instance.以拿破侖為例。
5) Murder, petty theft and tax evasion, for instance, all have different motives and consequences.比如謀殺、小偷小摸和逃稅，都有不同的動(dòng)機(jī)和后果。
托福寫作范文：人們購(gòu)買東西是出于虛榮而非需求，是否認(rèn)同?
寫作題目
Do you agree or disagree with the statement: People often buy products not because they really need them but because other people have them. 人們買一些東西并不是出于需求，而是因?yàn)槠渌艘矒碛兴鼈?，是否認(rèn)同?
寫作范文
In recent decades, international trades and improving living standards have largely contributed to the large scale of purchase of products. The reason behind this commercial behaviors either comes from individual’s needs for them or from envy of those who have already possessed them. From my perspective, the essential motive behind the scene would be for individual purposes.
Admittedly, people would sometimes buy the products because friends or classmates have them. it is not rare to see that after a high school studens has bought a newly-released iPad and bring it to the class, other friends would be at first gathering around him to witness how the product runs and then beg their parents to buy the one for them. For them, buying the newest generation iPad might bring them attention from others, which has nothing to do with the functionality of product. However, on balance, this only happens for within a small number of people, especially young students and women. For other consumers, they would be wise in choosing what they want. In this regard, more people are buying products out of their needs.
To begin with, for college students, they are inclined to buy what they really want. In other words, due to limited living expenses monthly, most of them could not buy whatever they want. According to the recent survey conducted on Sina Weibo, after polling 500 students in universities from Beijing, most of them claim that each month they have to manage their living expenses within 1500 yuan. Not only does this sum of money have to cover meal bills, clothing and fees for textbooks, but it also have to deal with emergencies. Under this circumstance, normally they have to make a plan for money use, and try to avoid buying things with little practical use. This explains why college students in Beijing rarely buy the newest generation of iPhone or pay for monthly travel, and they have to put the money either on textbooks or living necessities.
In addition, male adults are another group of consumers who make purchase based on real needs. For example, for those who decide to buy a car, the motive is mostly because the car could help family member to tackle emergencies or drive them to the suburb for a relaxing weekend. Also, for those who decide to equip with a new Macbook, the motive might have something to do with work requirement, which asks them to process the data faster and more accurately. Moreover, for those who deicide to spend money on applying for MBA in business school, the motive might be related to career development. A wider caree insight cultivated from MBA would give them a broader window of success in the work. Seeing from this, it is the utilitarian purpose that makes male adults buy real products.
To sum up, although it is normal to see some customers making impulsive purchase since, most of the rational customers would buy products out of their needs.
托福獨(dú)立寫作如何給出合理觀點(diǎn)避免扣分?立論點(diǎn)需躲開(kāi)這2個(gè)雷區(qū)相關(guān)文章：
托福獨(dú)立寫作如何給出合理觀點(diǎn)避免扣分?立論點(diǎn)需躲開(kāi)這2個(gè)雷區(qū)
