托福閱讀如何搞定詞句和結(jié)構(gòu)
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托福閱讀如何搞定詞句和結(jié)構(gòu)
NO8-1，我們從“詞--句--篇章”來(lái)談?wù)勥@篇文章。
原文：
Geologists have long known that the Earth's mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
一、難詞
spatial: a.1.空間的，太空的;2.存在(或者發(fā)生)于宇宙空間的
plume: n.1.羽狀物2.柱，地柱
xenolith:俘虜巖
percolate:v.1.滲透2.擴(kuò)散到，彌漫于
portions: n.一部分
二、難句
1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，mostgeologists contend，is the upper mantle.
對(duì)于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，最好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來(lái)的地幔柱狀溶巖流(mantle plume)——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋?zhuān)罕揪淝懊娴闹鞲刹⒉凰汶y，即the evidence is the fact that,難就難在fact之后說(shuō)明fact 的同位語(yǔ)從句。此從句中既有大段插入語(yǔ)，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是volcanic rocks，主語(yǔ)后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一個(gè)說(shuō)明islands的同位語(yǔ)islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位語(yǔ)實(shí)際起到一個(gè)分隔主謂的同位語(yǔ)的作用。其后是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些專(zhuān)有詞匯。如果拋開(kāi)文章不說(shuō)，單看這一個(gè)句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,這應(yīng)該可以推測(cè)出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個(gè)理論一定是在說(shuō)地幔有不同的層面。
2. some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantlexenoliths， argue that the mantle isnot layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" (elements tending towardliquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transformingportions of the upper mantleirregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對(duì)地幔捕虜巖體(xenolith)所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
難句類(lèi)型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)
解釋?zhuān)罕揪涞闹骶渲杏幸粋€(gè)長(zhǎng)插入語(yǔ)however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個(gè)句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids;后面又有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)和一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾那個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復(fù)雜。
三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)
Ts是文章的第一句，因此這一篇短文章是結(jié)論解釋型。文章開(kāi)始說(shuō)出了地幔是heterogeneous,然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved,然后提出了兩種理論，一是layyered-mantle thesis,另外一個(gè)是irregularly heterogeneous.然后分別對(duì)這兩種理論進(jìn)行describe.最后作者指出，We believe,perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
托福閱讀三大經(jīng)典題型解題技巧
一、指代題
1、識(shí)別：The word ："……" in Line ……refers to……
2、做法 ：
①向前找出現(xiàn)過(guò)的詞語(yǔ)，一般多為名詞，一般是多為距離較近的詞語(yǔ)。小心復(fù)雜定語(yǔ)從句。
②將出現(xiàn)過(guò)的詞語(yǔ)代入所在位置。之后判斷下當(dāng)前句子是否成立而且意義通順。
③注意人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。IT、THAT對(duì)應(yīng)單數(shù)/THOSE、THEY對(duì)應(yīng)復(fù)數(shù)。
但是，IT有可能指代前面一句話。
④物主代詞 “ITS” 通常指代最近的一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)
二、主題題
1、特點(diǎn)：
①說(shuō)明文出現(xiàn)次數(shù)比較多。
②文章一般是總分的金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)。主題在第一段提出。
2、主題出現(xiàn)的位置：
①文章首句
②文章的第2句或者第2段
③各段首句的綜合
④最FT的一種：自己歸納
3、正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：
①包含關(guān)鍵詞
何為關(guān)鍵詞：A、在其他選項(xiàng)中不存在的。
B、在各段首句中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或者出現(xiàn)2次以上的。(此辦法可用來(lái)檢查或者時(shí)間不夠的應(yīng)急)
②人名、地名如果是正確答案，那么，這人名地名一定在文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。
③注意選項(xiàng)中與關(guān)鍵詞的同意和異意的變體，也可能是正確答案。
4、錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：
①過(guò)于寬泛或者過(guò)于狹窄
②拿段落細(xì)節(jié)說(shuō)事，部分代替整體。
③將來(lái)的說(shuō)成已有的。
5、技巧：
①答案大多是B、C。(經(jīng)XDF老師曲線圖概率分析得出)
②DEVELOPMENT、ORIGIN、EFFECT、包含以上詞語(yǔ)的注意，可能是正確答案。
備注：此技巧用來(lái)應(yīng)急，猜測(cè)運(yùn)氣成分較大。請(qǐng)板油慎用。
三、細(xì)節(jié)題
唯一法則就是：認(rèn)真、認(rèn)真、再認(rèn)真。
托福閱讀材料：好心情影響記憶力
Being in a good mood decreases the brain's working memory, US researchers say.
“This explains why you might not be able to remember a phone number you get at a party when you are having a good time,” Elizabeth Martin, a doctoral student of psychology at the University of Missouri, says in a statement. “This research is the first to show that positive mood can negatively impact working memory storage capacity.”
The researchers gauged study participants’ mood before and after showing them a video clip - some saw a bit of a stand-up comedy routine, while others saw a video on how to install flooring.
Those who viewed the comedy routine were in significantly better moods after viewing the video, while the mood of flooring group had not changed. Both groups were then given a memory test.
The study, published in the journal Cognition and Emotion, found those who watched the comedy routine performed significantly worse on the task.
美國(guó)研究人員稱(chēng)，好心情可能會(huì)降低大腦的工作記憶(屬程序性記憶、短時(shí)記憶，是一種短暫時(shí)刻的知覺(jué))能力。
“這就能解釋為什么明明在派對(duì)上玩得很開(kāi)心，卻記不住從派對(duì)上得到的電話號(hào)碼，”密蘇里大學(xué)心理學(xué)博士伊麗莎白馬丁在一份報(bào)告中指出?！霸撗芯渴状握f(shuō)明，積極情緒有損于工作記憶容量?！?/p>
研究人員在受試者觀看視頻片段前后對(duì)其情緒進(jìn)行了測(cè)量。其中一部分受試者所看的是輕松喜劇節(jié)目，另一些人所看的視頻則關(guān)于如何鋪地板。
那些看了喜劇的受試者觀后情緒更佳，而“地板視頻”受試者觀前觀后情緒并無(wú)波動(dòng)。兩組都接受了記憶測(cè)試。
此項(xiàng)刊登于《認(rèn)知與情感》雜志的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，觀看了喜劇的受試者在記憶測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)明顯差于另一組受試者。
托福閱讀材料：心跳也能發(fā)電
電力是讓我們生活得舒適所必須的能源，科學(xué)家一直都希望能找到一種更方便、環(huán)保和實(shí)惠的方式發(fā)電。下面的新托?？荚囬喿x練習(xí)資料中科學(xué)家們就研究出了一種讓人類(lèi)自己發(fā)電的方式。
The human heartbeat could be used to power an ipod after scientists developed a tiny chip which uses the body's own movement to generate power.
如果科學(xué)家們能改進(jìn)一種用人體自身活動(dòng)發(fā)電的微型芯片，那么將來(lái)ipod就可以靠心跳來(lái)充電了。
Scientists hope that as the nanotechnology used in the chip evolves, it could lead to electronics which don't require batteries or mains power.
科學(xué)家們希望，隨著在芯片內(nèi)所運(yùn)用的納米技術(shù)不斷進(jìn)步，以后可以生產(chǎn)出不需要電池或系統(tǒng)供電的電子產(chǎn)品。
Hailed as a milestone, it can use tiny movements such as the pinch of a finger to generate power.
這被認(rèn)為是里程碑式的進(jìn)步，它將使諸如手指輕輕一捏這樣的細(xì)小動(dòng)作也能產(chǎn)生電能。
The team, presenting their findings at the National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, have used it to power LCD displays and diodes, as well as to transmit a radio signal once its generated power has been stored.
研究這一項(xiàng)目的科學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì)在美國(guó)化學(xué)會(huì)年會(huì)上展示了自己的研究成果，他們用芯片為液晶屏幕和兩極真空管充電，并用充完電的機(jī)器傳播廣播信號(hào)。
The latest device is thousands of times more powerful than its predecessors, allowing scientists to take the technology out of the lab for the first time.
科學(xué)家們最新研究出的裝置比以前的那些強(qiáng)大了數(shù)千倍，這使他們第一次可以將這項(xiàng)技術(shù)帶出實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
The technology works by using zinc oxide nanowires, which generate electricity when strained or flexed.
它運(yùn)用了氧化鋅納米線，氧化鋅納米線在被拉緊或收縮時(shí)都會(huì)發(fā)電。
This mean virtually any body movement - from walking to a heartbeat - can generate power.
這就意味著從步行到心跳，幾乎任何一個(gè)身體動(dòng)作都能產(chǎn)生能量。
Five nanogenerators working together produced about 1 micro ampere output current at 3 volts about the same voltage generated by two regular AA batteries.
5個(gè)納米發(fā)電機(jī)同時(shí)工作可以產(chǎn)生1微安培3伏特的輸出電流，與2節(jié)普通的5號(hào)電池所產(chǎn)生的電壓差不多。
Dr Zhong Lin Wang, of Georgia Institute of Technology said: "While a few volts may not seem like much, it has grown by leaps and bounds over previous versions of the nanogenerator.
佐治亞理工學(xué)院的王中林教授說(shuō)：“也許這么點(diǎn)電壓看上去很不起眼，但是比起過(guò)去的納米發(fā)電機(jī)已經(jīng)有了飛躍?！?/p>
"Additional nanowires and more nanogenerators, stacked together, could produce enough energy for powering larger electronics, such as an ipod or charging a cell phone."
“如果把更多的納米線和納米發(fā)電機(jī)放在一起，就足以為更大的電子產(chǎn)品提供電能，比如為一臺(tái)ipod或一部手機(jī)充電?！?/p>
"Our nanogenerators are poised to change lives in the future. Their potential is only limited by one's imagination."
“納米發(fā)電機(jī)將改變?nèi)祟?lèi)未來(lái)的生活，它們的潛力只有想不到，沒(méi)有做不到。”
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