你一定要了解的三種英語構(gòu)詞法
你一定要了解的三種英語構(gòu)詞法
我們學(xué)習(xí)英語最先開始的就是要了解英語單詞的構(gòu)詞法，所以小編特意整理了關(guān)于英語單詞的構(gòu)詞法和演變方法供大家學(xué)習(xí)參考。
英語中的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種即轉(zhuǎn)化法、合成法和派生法。
一、轉(zhuǎn)化法(conversion)
在英語中，一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉(zhuǎn)化法。
1. 動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
Let me have a try.
讓我試試。
They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.
在學(xué)校里只準(zhǔn)許他們出售不含酒精的飲料。
2. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
He shouldered his way through the crowd.
他用肩膀推開人群前進(jìn)。
The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.
從廚房傳來的氣味使他流口水。
3. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞
We will try our best to better our living conditions.
我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。
They tried to perfect the working conditions.
他們努力改善工作條件。
4. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.
他不辨是非。
The old in our village are living a happy life.
我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。
5. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞
How long have you lived there?
你在那兒住多久了?
6. 個(gè)別詞在一定場(chǎng)合中可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞
Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.
穿暖和的衣服到山區(qū)去是必須的。
Life is full of ups and downs.
人生有得意時(shí)也有失意時(shí)。
His argument contains too many ifs and buts.
他的辯論中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。
二、合成法(composition)
由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞連在一起合成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫做合成法，合成的詞叫做合成詞(compounds)。合成詞的寫法由習(xí)慣決定，可以寫在一起，也可以用連詞符號(hào)連接。
1. 合成名詞
名詞/代詞+名詞
newspaper blood-test she-wolf
動(dòng)詞+名詞
typewriter pickpocket daybreak
形容詞+名詞
greenhouse highway
副詞+名詞
overcoat outside
名詞+v.-ing/v.-ing +名詞
handwriting reading-room freezing-point
動(dòng)詞+副詞/ 副詞+ 動(dòng)詞
breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome
名詞+介詞+名詞
sister-in-law editor-in-chief
2. 合成形容詞
名詞+形容詞/形容詞+名詞
world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term
副詞+形容詞
over-anxious evergreen
名詞+過去分詞
man-made sun-burnt
名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
peace-loving English-speaking
形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
good-looking easy-going
副詞+過去分詞
well-informed widespread
副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
hardworking far-reaching
形容詞+名詞+ed
warm-hearted absent-minded
數(shù)詞+名詞+ed
three-legged ten-storied
數(shù)詞+名詞
one-way five–star
數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞
ten-year-old 800-meter-long
名詞+to+名詞
face –to-face door - to -door
3. 合成動(dòng)詞
名詞+動(dòng)詞
baby-sit sleepwalk
副詞+動(dòng)詞
outnumber underestimate overwork
形容詞+動(dòng)詞
whitewash
4. 合成副詞
形容詞+名詞
meanwhile anyway
形容詞+副詞
everywhere anyhow
副詞+副詞
however
介詞+名詞
beforehand overhead
介詞+副詞
forever
5. 合成代詞
代詞賓格+self/selves
herself themselves
物主代詞+self/selves
myself yourselves
形容詞+名詞
anything nothing
6. 合成介詞
副詞+名詞
inside outside
介詞+副詞
without within
副詞+介詞
into
三、派生法
由一個(gè)詞加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。
1. 前綴
除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，但不改變單詞的詞性。
(1)表示否定意義的前綴
un-unhappy unfinished undress
dis- disagree disbelieve
in[il-(在字母l前)，im-(在字母m,b,p前)，ir(在字母r前)]-inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular
mis-misbehave mislead mistake
non-nonstop nonsmoker
(2)表示其他意義的前綴
en-“使……” enrich enlarge encourage
inter-“相互” international intercontinental
re-“再，又，重” rethink retell recycle
tele-“遠(yuǎn)程的” telescope telephone telegraph
auto-“自動(dòng)的” automatic automobile
co-“共同” coworker cooperate coexist
anti-“反對(duì)，抵抗” antiwar antifreeze antinuclear
multi-“多” multistory multicultural multicolor
bi-“雙，二”bicycle bilingual bilateral
micro-“極小的，微小的” microwave microcomputer
over-“太多，過分” overwork overdo overestimate
self-“自己，本身” self-centered self-confident self-control
under-“在……下面，……下的，不足的” underline, underground, underestimate, underrate
2. 后綴
(1)形容詞后綴
-able “可……的，具有……的” acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable
-al“與……有關(guān)的” physical, magical, political
-an“屬于某地方的人” American African
-ern“方向” southern, northern, eastern
-ful/ less“(沒)有……的” helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless
-ish“如……的;有……特征的” foolish childish selfish
-ive“有……傾向的” active attractive expensive
-en“由……制成的” golden wooden woolen
-ous“有(性質(zhì))的” famous, dangerous, poisonous
-ly “有……性質(zhì)的” friendly yearly daily
-y“構(gòu)成形容詞” noisy dusty cloudy
(2)名詞后綴
-er / or“表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container
-ese“某國(人)的” Chinese, Japanese
-ian“某國、某地人;精通……的人” musician, Asian, Russian, technician
-ist“某種主義或職業(yè)者” physicist, scientist, communist，socialist
-ess“表女性，雌性” hostess, actress, princess
-ment“行為或其狀態(tài)” government, movement, achievement
-ness“性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)” illness, sadness, carelessness
-tion“動(dòng)作，過程，結(jié)果” invention, organization, translation
-ance/ ence“抽象;行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)” importance, appearance, absence, existence
-th“性質(zhì)、情況” depth, warmth, truth
-ful“(滿的)量” handful, spoonful, mouthful
-(a)bility“抽象、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)” possibility, disability, reliability
-al“過程、狀態(tài)” survival, arrival, approval
-y“性質(zhì)、情況” modesty, delivery, honesty
-dom“處于……狀態(tài);性質(zhì)” freedom, boredom
-age“狀態(tài)，行為，身份及其結(jié)果” courage, storage, marriage
(3)動(dòng)詞后綴
-fy / ify“使得;變得” simplify, beautify, purify
-en“使成為……;變得” shorten, deepen, sadden
-ize“使成為” apologize, realize, specialize
(4)副詞后綴
-ly“方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily
ward(s)“向……” towards, forward, upwards
(5)數(shù)詞后綴
-teen“十幾” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
-ty“整十位數(shù)” forty, fifty, sixty
-th“序數(shù)詞” twelfth, twentieth