中國傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)的翻譯問題

　　下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理的中國傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)的翻譯問題，供廣大學(xué)者參考。

　　Research on English Translation of TCM

　　1. Chuan-Yue NIU (Foreign Language Education Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203)

　　2. La-Ping WANG (College of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200233, China )

　　3月份以來，應(yīng)邀參加了一些有關(guān)中醫(yī)對外翻譯及中醫(yī)術(shù)語英語翻譯規(guī)范化的國內(nèi)、國際學(xué)術(shù)會議，聽取了各方關(guān)于中醫(yī)術(shù)語英語翻譯問題的意見和建議，受益可謂頗豐，然而困惑卻也甚隆。因?yàn)槊總€人對翻譯的體會和對相關(guān)概念的理解總是不盡相同的，所以研中自然有討，論中難免有爭，這其實(shí)是很自然的。然而如何研，如何討，如何論，如何爭，卻是很有些講究的。振臂一呼，一時(shí)可能飛砂走石，卻終屬意氣用事之舉;義憤填膺，當(dāng)下也許翻江倒海，但終為強(qiáng)弩末勢之態(tài)。

　　靜觀近來關(guān)于中醫(yī)術(shù)語英譯問題的研討和論爭，總不免想起莊子《齊物論》的忠告：“夫大道不稱，大辯不言，大仁不仁，大廉不謙，大勇不忮。道昭不道，言辯不及，仁常不周，廉清而不信，勇忮而不成。”《山海經(jīng)·南山經(jīng)》說：“有木焉，其狀如谷而黑理，其華四照，其名曰迷谷，佩之不迷。”真希望能采得迷谷一枝，常佩胸前，以防論爭之際迷失自己。會議期間，曾信筆涂鴉了一些雜感，今選錄幾則，串掇為文，借以表達(dá)自己對相關(guān)問題的理解。

　　1 內(nèi)涵是綱，其余皆目

　　近有媒體報(bào)道，云南學(xué)者戈叔亞經(jīng)過近8年的艱苦努力，終于找到了抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期一外國記者拍攝的滇緬公路上的著名險(xiǎn)境——24拐。所謂“24拐”，指的是位于云南省境內(nèi)、有24個拐彎的滇緬公路的一段。多年來，外國記者當(dāng)年拍攝的那幅著名的照片已經(jīng)成為滇緬公路的標(biāo)志，海內(nèi)外人士提到滇緬公路時(shí)，自然而然地想到或提到“24拐”，但卻從來沒有人實(shí)際考察過“24拐”的具體方位。為了深入地研究滇緬公路的歷史及其在中國抗戰(zhàn)中所發(fā)揮的巨大作用，戈叔亞從 1995年開始尋找“24拐”原址。然而當(dāng)他踏遍了云南境內(nèi)與滇緬公路相關(guān)的山山水水時(shí)，卻沒有能夠“按圖”索到“驥”。

　　“著名的'24拐'究竟在哪里呢?”戈叔亞感到迷惑不解。照片上的景色如此逼真明確，現(xiàn)實(shí)中為何找不到呢?想到這里，戈叔亞產(chǎn)生了一個大膽的想法：“'24拐'會不會根本就不在云南境內(nèi)呢?”于是他循著自己的這個大膽的設(shè)想，開始了新一輪的考察，終于在貴州省找到了與原照片一摸一樣的奇境—— “24拐”。海內(nèi)外人士津津樂道了半個多世紀(jì)的滇緬公路“24拐”，其實(shí)根本就不在滇境!這一發(fā)現(xiàn)令戈叔亞無比驚訝，也震驚了海內(nèi)外史學(xué)界。

　　一個在全球誤傳了半個世紀(jì)的有關(guān)滇緬公路的史話，就此得以名正而言順。雖然史學(xué)界對此感到無比的遺憾，然而歷史總歸是歷史，事實(shí)總歸是事實(shí)，容不得半點(diǎn)虛假。這樣“天翻地覆”的變故在史學(xué)研究中可謂屢見不鮮。在譯學(xué)界，這樣的實(shí)例其實(shí)也是不勝枚舉，有些逐步被正名了，而有些卻仍然在以訛傳訛，似乎永無直面讀者之日。

　　會前得到一部由西方一漢學(xué)家編寫的漢英英漢中醫(yī)辭典。粗略翻閱了一下，感到編者在編寫這部辭典時(shí)，的確花費(fèi)了很大精力，幾乎可以用字斟句酌、精益求精的評語來評價(jià)其翻譯。這當(dāng)然是就其翻譯態(tài)度而言的，并非對其翻譯準(zhǔn)確性的評判。事實(shí)上，該君的翻譯在很多方面都存在著這樣或那樣值得商榷之處，有的地方的翻譯與原文幾乎有“離題萬里”之差距。正文暫且不表，單看其附錄中的一些龐雜內(nèi)容，便不難洞悉其譯筆的虛無之處。在附錄中有關(guān)針灸穴位的翻譯中，他不但將穴位名稱按常規(guī)予以音譯，而且別出心裁地逐一加以意譯或直譯。這種翻譯有無必要，得失如何，暫且不論。單從其對穴位中文名稱的解析來看，就存在著許多臆測杜撰的成分。

　　比如他將“列缺”穴意譯為Broken Sequence(即“斷裂的序列”)，將豐隆穴意譯為Bountiful Bulge.“列缺”真的是“斷裂的序列”之意嗎?恐怕不能直接照字面釋義。在中國古代，“列缺”實(shí)際上指的是閃電之神。《淮南子》上即有這樣的記載： “雷以電為鞭，電光照處，謂之列缺。”這樣看來，所謂的“列缺”，古人實(shí)際上指的是打雷時(shí)電光閃射之處。后來，“列缺”就逐步演變成了“電神”的稱謂。所以明人程登吉所編著的《幼學(xué)瓊林》就有“列缺乃電之神，望舒是月之御”之謂。正是因?yàn)檫@個原因，“列缺”在古代還被文人墨客用以指代打雷閃電。如李白《夢游天姥吟留別》一詩中就有“列缺霹靂，丘巒崩摧”之句。所以“列缺”應(yīng)該是god of lightning，而不是什么broken sequence.當(dāng)然“豐隆”也不是什么bountiful bulge，而是god of cloud.因?yàn)樵诠糯?ldquo;豐隆”指云神，正如《幼學(xué)瓊林》所言“云師系是豐隆，雪神乃是滕六”。

　　從這個簡單的例子可以看出，不熟悉中國古典文化，不了解諸子百家之學(xué)，是很難翻譯好中醫(yī)的。

　　2 垂范有度，行之有序

　　十五年前我在撰寫碩士論文《論中醫(yī)名詞術(shù)語英譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化》時(shí)，亓興華老師建議我最好將“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”改為“統(tǒng)一化”。當(dāng)時(shí)我對亓老師的建議頗不以為然，認(rèn)為“統(tǒng)一化”不如“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”科學(xué)。今天看來，我當(dāng)年所謂的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”的提法是何等的childish, 倒是亓老師的建議愈來愈彰顯其實(shí)際意義。所以自從1993年出版了《中醫(yī)翻譯導(dǎo)論》之后，特別是1997年出版了《中醫(yī)英語翻譯技巧》以來，我就不再輕言標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化了。

　　在今年上半年舉行的幾次有關(guān)中醫(yī)名詞術(shù)語英語翻譯國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的國內(nèi)國際會議上，與會學(xué)者對中醫(yī)有關(guān)概念翻譯的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”問題進(jìn)行了深入的探討。比如對“心主血脈”究竟翻譯成the heart governing the blood vessels還是the heart governs the blood vessels，論爭頗為激烈。甚至于對究竟使用govern還是 control來翻譯“主”，也各有異見。對于這樣的論爭，從語義學(xué)研究的角度來看，有其積極的一面。但從術(shù)語翻譯的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”或“統(tǒng)一化”的要求來看，卻未免有些舍本逐末了。

　　我在給有關(guān)方面的建議中提出，中醫(yī)名詞術(shù)語英語翻譯的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”，應(yīng)局限于中醫(yī)理法方藥的核心概念和術(shù)語，不應(yīng)涵蓋所有的中醫(yī)用語。對于中醫(yī)上的一些比較單一的概念，如陰陽、五行、氣血、經(jīng)絡(luò)等，翻譯時(shí)的確應(yīng)該追求用詞的完全同一。但對于一些詞組、短語和習(xí)慣用語的翻譯，卻不一定要求字詞的完全一致，其實(shí)這也是很難做到的。對這類用語的規(guī)范化應(yīng)該著眼于關(guān)鍵字詞的統(tǒng)一，避免在無關(guān)緊要的功能詞上論爭不休。以“辨證論治”為例，目前的基本趨勢是將 “辨”、“證”和“治”這三個字分別譯為differentiation，syndrome和treatment.只要這三個關(guān)鍵詞的翻譯一致，其他的功能詞語，如based on, according to等等，可以不必強(qiáng)求同一。

　　下面是我向有關(guān)方面提供的一份所謂中醫(yī)名詞術(shù)語英語翻譯“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”方案的部分內(nèi)容。妥否，請讀者諸君公鑒。

　　陰陽學(xué)說：陰陽(Yin and Yang);陰中之陽(Yang within Yin，其他類似術(shù)語依此類推)：對立(opposition);互根(interdependence);消長(waning and waxing);轉(zhuǎn)化(transformation)

　　五行學(xué)說：五行(five elements);木(Wood);火(Fire);土(Earth);金(Metal);水(Water);相生(promotion或 generation);相克(restriction);相乘(over-restriction或subjugation);相惡(counter- restriction)。

　　精、氣、神等：精(essence);氣(qi或Qi);神(spirit或mind);魂(ethereal soul);魄(corporeal soul);命門(life-gate);正氣(healthy-Qi);元(原)氣(primordial-Qi);真氣(genuine-Qi);宗氣(pectoral-Qi);衛(wèi)氣(defensive-Qi);營氣(nutrient-Qi);衛(wèi)分(defensive-phase);氣分(Qi-phase);心氣(heart-Qi，其他臟腑之氣的翻譯依此類推);中氣(middle-Qi);氣化(Qi- transformation);津(thin fluid);液(thick fluid);津液(body fluid);汗(sweat);涎(drool);涕(snivel)。

　　臟腑：臟(Zang-organs);腑(Fu-organs);臟腑(Zang-Fu organs或viscera);三焦(triple energizer);奇恒之腑(extraordinary Fu-organs);骨度(bone measurement);心陰(heart-Yin，其他臟腑之陰陽依此類推);運(yùn)化(transportation and transformation);生化(generation and transformation);肅降(purify and descend);水道(water passage);天癸(Tiangui);先天(innateness);納氣(reception of Qi)。

　　經(jīng)絡(luò)(十四經(jīng)名稱及穴位名稱按WHO所頒布之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)翻譯)：經(jīng)(meridian或channel);絡(luò)(collateral);正經(jīng)(regular meridians或regular channels);經(jīng)氣(meridian-Qi或channel-Qi);孫絡(luò)(minute collateral);浮絡(luò)(superficial collateral);穴位(acupoint)。

　　病因：病因(cause of disease);邪(pathogenic factor);六淫(six exogenous pathogenic factors);風(fēng)(pathogenic wind);寒(pathogenic cold);暑(pathogenic summer-heat);濕(pathogenic dampness);燥(pathogenic dryness);火(pathogenic fire);內(nèi)風(fēng)(endogenous wind，其他內(nèi)生病邪的翻譯依此類推);毒(toxin);五志(five emotions);七情(seven emotions);(有形之)痰(sputum);(無行之)痰(phlegm);飲(retained fluid)

　　病機(jī)：病機(jī)(pathogenesis);偏盛(relative predominance);偏衰(relative decline);虛(deficiency);實(shí)(excess);(陰陽氣血)失調(diào)(disharmony);痰迷心竅(confusion of mind by phlegm);胃熱(stomach-heat，其他類似結(jié)構(gòu)用語之翻譯依此類推)

　　診斷：診法(diagnostic method);證(syndrome);證型(syndrome type);證候(symptoms and signs);四診合參(synthesis of the four diagnostic methods);望診(inspection);面色(complexion);望舌(inspection of tongue);舌苔(tongue coating);聞診(listening and smelling);譫語(delirium);問診(inquiry);脈診(pulse diagnosis);切脈(taking pulse);脈象(pulse condition);浮脈(floating pulse);沉脈(deep pulse);遲脈(slow pulse);數(shù)脈(rapid pulse);洪脈(surging pulse);細(xì)脈(thin pulse);虛脈(empty pulse);實(shí)脈(excess pulse);長脈(long pulse);短脈(short pulse);滑脈(slippery pulse);澀脈(unsmooth pulse);弦脈(taut pulse);緊脈(tense pulse);濡脈(soggy pulse);緩脈(moderate pulse);微脈(faint pulse)弱脈(weak pulse);散脈(scattered pulse);芤脈(hollow pulse);革脈(tympanic pulse);牢脈(firm pulse);伏脈(hidden pulse);動脈(throbbing pulse);代脈(intermittent pulse);結(jié)脈(knotted pulse);促脈(abrupt pulse);大脈(large pulse);軟脈(soft pulse);疾脈(swift pulse);怪脈(strange pulse);寸口(Cunkou);惡寒(aversion to cold，其他類似用語之翻譯依此類推);痞(mass);滿(fullness);納呆(anorexia);口苦(bitter taste in the mouth，其他類似用語之翻譯依此類推);完谷不化(undigested food in stools);里急后重(tenesmus);五更泄(diarrhea before dawn);按診(palpation)。

　　辨證：八綱(eight principles);表里(exterior and interior);寒熱(cold and heat)辨證(syndrome differentiation);八綱辨證(eight-principle syndrome differentiation);表虛證(exterior deficiency syndrome，其他類似用語之翻譯依此類推);風(fēng)火證(wind-fire syndrome，其他類似用語之翻譯依此類推)

　　治則與治法：治則(therapeutic principle);正治(routine treatment);反治(contrary treatment);治法(therapeutic method);八法(eight therapeutic methods);汗法(diaphoretic therapy或sweating therapy);吐法(emetic therapy或vomiting therapy);下法(purgation therapy);和法(harmonizing therapy);溫法(warming therapy);清法(clearing therapy);消法(resolving therapy);補(bǔ)法(tonifying therapy);開竅(resuscitation therapy)。中藥方劑：中藥(Chinese materia medica或Chinese herbs);方劑(prescription或formula);四氣五味(four properties and five tastes);君(king);臣(minister);佐(assistant);使(guide)。

　　3 老話新說，意猶未盡

　　幾年前，有感于中醫(yī)用語英語翻譯百花齊放的狀況，我曾在致友人的信中提出了如下一些看法：

　　子曰：名不正則言不順，言不順則事不成。名為實(shí)之謂，實(shí)為名之體。言物之名，必?fù)?jù)之以實(shí);論物之實(shí)，必舉之以名。古今亦然。

　　名實(shí)之謂，約定而成俗。荀子曰：名無固宜，約之以名。約定俗成謂之宜，異于約則謂之不宜。名無固實(shí)，約之以命。約定俗成謂之實(shí)名。

　　由此觀之，名實(shí)之謂，實(shí)出或然之約，而非必然之性。遠(yuǎn)觀名實(shí)，似有必然;近究其宜，實(shí)為或然。其或然于約定之先而必然于俗成之后。一物之名，約而成俗，其名實(shí)之謂，天然一體，眾心不疑。

　　今觀中醫(yī)術(shù)語之英譯，當(dāng)先明乎原語名實(shí)之謂，辨其形意之合，別其古今之諭，以理明意，以意正名，方無虎蒙驢皮之憂。

　　然中醫(yī)理奧而言簡，意深而語約，譯作今文亦不免佶屈聱牙，況譯為西文!謫仙謂蜀道之難難于上晴天，英譯中醫(yī)雖無登天之難，亦有蜀道之險(xiǎn)。幸有中西譯士，力劈荊棘，百年不懈，始有今日中西交通之便。

　　中西譯士，或因釋義懸差，或因譴詞偏嗜，或因中西文隔，所譯之語，多有百花之彩。有識之士，深以為慮。統(tǒng)一譯名，刻不容緩。如何而然?五則之說，似可借鑒。

　　一曰簡潔：中醫(yī)用語簡潔明快，語約意深，英譯之中醫(yī)術(shù)語理當(dāng)如此。冗長之譯文名曰翻譯，實(shí)乃釋義。不獨(dú)大費(fèi)筆墨，且衍化橫生。

　　二曰自然：中西醫(yī)理迥然不同，治法涇渭兩色，然其論病用藥亦時(shí)有相類。人同此心、心同此理者，互為對應(yīng)當(dāng)為可取，且述之自然。若中醫(yī)之瘰疬，實(shí)為西語之scrofula.

　　三曰不翻：不翻者，音譯也。玄奘譯佛經(jīng)，力主五不翻，即梵語固有而華夏實(shí)無此物此觀念者，音譯之。中醫(yī)乃華夏古醫(yī)，其理法方藥西語闕如者，亦當(dāng)音譯之。此法實(shí)合名從主人之萬國通例。陰陽、氣、太極者，即屬其類。

　　四曰回譯：回譯者，謂直譯之形意俱存者。英譯之中醫(yī)用語若可回譯，則閱者可見詞名義，交流之便自不待言。

　　五曰規(guī)定：言為心聲，心為人靈。人各有心，眾志難一。一事之論，不免各執(zhí)一詞，屢論屢爭，難有終了。為免爭計(jì)，久爭不結(jié)、眾論莫是者，當(dāng)由公推之權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)加以規(guī)定，頒布施行。針灸經(jīng)穴名稱之統(tǒng)一即屬此舉。

　　此所謂“五則”之說，實(shí)際上是我當(dāng)年撰寫《中醫(yī)英語翻譯技巧》時(shí)，與子木先生等故舊共同厘定之譯則，今日重溫舊時(shí)之論，似乎仍有可供借鑒之處。竊以為中醫(yī)術(shù)語英譯及其規(guī)范化若能以此而行，或有溪徑可循。

　　寫到這里，忽然想起了錢鐘書先生與中西文化比較的一段趣聞。今節(jié)錄于此，權(quán)作本文結(jié)語：曾經(jīng)有一段時(shí)間，許多學(xué)人以談?wù)撝形魑幕容^為時(shí)尚。對此種清談學(xué)風(fēng)，錢鐘書先生極為厭惡。他說：“有些人連中文、西文都不懂，談得上什么比較?戈培爾說過，有人和我談文化，我就拔出手槍來。現(xiàn)在要是有人和我談中西文化比較，如果我有手槍的話，我也一定要拔出來!”

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