高考優(yōu)秀英文范文

高考優(yōu)秀英文范文

　　人的一生，就如同文章，寫就了許許多多的故事。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的高考優(yōu)秀英文范文，供大家參閱!

　　高考優(yōu)秀英文范文：美國(guó)年輕人中“地理盲”居多

　　young americans know little about world geography, with the majority unable to locate iraq on a map and three quarters unable to find indonesia, according to a study.

　　young americans know little about world geography, with the majority unable to locate iraq on a map and three quarters unable to find indonesia, according to a study.

　　the roper poll conducted the survey on behalf of national geographic and found that most of the young adults questioned between the ages of 18 and 24 also had little knowledge about their own country, with half or fewer unable to identify the states of new york or ohio on a map.

　　moreover, the study said, many of those questioned were not bothered by their lack of geographic knowledge.

　　"half think it is 'important but not absolutely necessary' either to know where countries in the news are located or to be able to speak a foreign language," a report on the survey said.

　　the report said that that nine in ten could not find afghanistan on a map of asia and 70 percent could not find north korea.

　　when questioned about natural disasters, only 33% correctly chose pakistan from four possible choices as the country hit by a huge earthquake in october 2008.

　　the survey was conducted between december 2008 and january 2008 and involved 510 interviews.

　　national geographic released the survey on last tuesday in launching a five-year campaign to improve geographic literacy among young people in the united states.

　　"geographic illiteracy impacts our economic well-being, our relationships with other nations and the environment, and isolates us from our world," said john fahey, national geographic society president. "without geography, our young people are not ready to face the challenges of the increasingly interconnected and competitive world."

　　"美國(guó)年輕人中“地理盲”居多"英語(yǔ)作文譯文:

　　一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示，美國(guó)年輕人的世界地理知識(shí)相當(dāng)貧乏，大多數(shù)人在地圖上找不到伊拉克的位置，四分之三的人不知道印度尼西亞在哪里。

　　洛普民意研究中心代表美國(guó)國(guó)家地理協(xié)會(huì)做了此項(xiàng)調(diào)查，調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)：年齡在18歲至24歲間的多數(shù)受訪青年對(duì)本國(guó)的地理知識(shí)了解得也很少，其中近一半人無法在地圖上指出紐約州或俄亥俄州的具體位置。

　　調(diào)查還表明，很多受調(diào)查的年輕人對(duì)于缺乏地理知識(shí)并不以為然。

　　調(diào)查報(bào)告中說：“有一半的人認(rèn)為，雖然知道新聞中提到的國(guó)家的具體位置或會(huì)說一門外語(yǔ)‘很重要，但并不是絕對(duì)必需的’”。

　　報(bào)告中提到，90%的年輕人在亞洲地圖上找不到阿富汗，70%的人找不到北朝鮮。

　　當(dāng)問及發(fā)生自然災(zāi)害的國(guó)家時(shí)，僅有33%的人從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出了巴基斯坦;巴基斯坦曾在2008年10月遭受了大地震的重創(chuàng)。

　　此項(xiàng)調(diào)查在去年12月至今年1月間進(jìn)行，共有510名調(diào)查對(duì)象參與。

　　美國(guó)國(guó)家地理協(xié)會(huì)于上周二公布了調(diào)查結(jié)果，此協(xié)會(huì)啟動(dòng)了一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃，旨在提高美國(guó)年輕人的地理知識(shí)水平。

　　國(guó)家地理協(xié)會(huì)主席約翰·費(fèi)伊說：“地理知識(shí)的貧乏對(duì)我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮、我國(guó)和其他國(guó)家的關(guān)系以及環(huán)境都會(huì)產(chǎn)生不良影響，并會(huì)將我們和外面的世界孤立開來。當(dāng)今世界，各國(guó)間的聯(lián)系日益緊密，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也越來越激烈，如果沒有地理知識(shí)，美國(guó)的年輕人將無法應(yīng)對(duì)各種挑戰(zhàn)。”

　　高考優(yōu)秀英文范文：為什么田鼠會(huì)墜入愛河

　　the details of what is going on—the vole story, as it were—is a fascinating one. when prairie voles have sex, two hormones called oxytocin and vasopressin are released. if the release of these hormones is blocked, prairie-voles' sex becomes a fleeting affair, like that normally enjoyed by their rakish montane cousins. conversely, if prairie voles are given an injection of the hormones, but prevented from having sex, they will still form a preference for their chosen partner. in other words, researchers can make prairie voles fall in love—or whatever the vole equivalent of this is—with an injection.

　　像往常一樣，最讓人著魔的是田鼠愛情故事的進(jìn)展細(xì)節(jié)。當(dāng)草原田鼠性交時(shí)，其體內(nèi)會(huì)釋放兩種稱作催產(chǎn)素和抗利尿激素的荷爾蒙。如果這些荷爾蒙的釋放被阻斷，草原田鼠的性生活便成了短暫的艷遇，它們就會(huì)像生性放蕩的山區(qū)堂兄那樣去盡享受風(fēng)流韻事。 相反，如果給草原田鼠注射以上荷爾蒙，雖然阻止它們性交，它們依然會(huì)鐘情于已選擇的伴侶。換句話說, 不過就一劑注射，研究者們便能讓草原田鼠落入情網(wǎng)，不管草原田鼠的感覺如何，反正它們會(huì)產(chǎn)生與愛相類似的神經(jīng)反應(yīng)。

　　a clue to what is happening—and how these results might bear on the human condition—was found when this magic juice was given to the montane vole: it made no difference. it turns out that the faithful prairie vole has receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin in brain regions associated with reward and reinforcement, whereas the montane vole does not. the question is, do humans (another species in the 3% of allegedly monogamous mammals) have brains similar to prairie voles?

　　研究者找到一條與正在發(fā)生情形相關(guān)的線索，這一線索與如何使上述結(jié)果作用于人類有關(guān)。線索的結(jié)論是：當(dāng)把這一魔術(shù)般的汁液注入山區(qū)田鼠體內(nèi)，其反應(yīng)與草原田鼠如出一轍。這就證實(shí)了，在忠誠(chéng)的草原田鼠大腦內(nèi)，與獎(jiǎng)賞與強(qiáng)化相關(guān)聯(lián)的區(qū)域中，具有一種催產(chǎn)素和抗利尿激素的荷爾蒙受體, 然而山區(qū)田鼠卻沒有。 問題是: 人類——據(jù)稱是3%實(shí)行一夫一妻制的哺乳動(dòng)物中的另一物種，是否也具有和草原田鼠相似的大腦結(jié)構(gòu)?

　　to answer that question you need to dig a little deeper. as larry young, a researcher into social attachment at emory university, in atlanta, georgia, explains, the brain has a reward system designed to make voles (and people and other animals) do what they ought to. without it, they might forget to eat, drink and have sex—with disastrous results. that animals continue to do these things is because they make them feel good. and they feel good because of the release of a chemical called dopamine into the brain. sure enough, when a female prairie vole mates, there is a 50% increase in the level of dopamine in the reward centre of her brain.

　　為對(duì)上述疑惑刨根問底，就需要“挖”得更深一些。一位來自佐治亞州，亞特蘭大emory大學(xué)，研究社會(huì)附屬關(guān)系的學(xué)者larry yong，他對(duì)此的解釋是，田鼠(以及人類和其他動(dòng)物)的大腦內(nèi)具有一套獎(jiǎng)賞系統(tǒng)用以鼓勵(lì)它(他)們?nèi)プ錾飸?yīng)該完成的行為。如若不然，動(dòng)物將忘記進(jìn)食，飲水和性行為，從而招致災(zāi)難性的后果。動(dòng)物們不斷重復(fù)這些行為是因?yàn)槟鞘顾鼈兏械娇鞓?。這種快感是一種稱作多巴胺的化學(xué)物質(zhì)在大腦中的釋放使然。當(dāng)雌性草原田鼠交配時(shí)，在大腦獎(jiǎng)賞系統(tǒng)中樞，多巴胺水平會(huì)有50%的上升，而這已完全足夠讓這些“女士”們產(chǎn)生上面提到的那種快感。

　　similarly, when a male rat has sex it feels good to him because of the dopamine. he learns that sex is enjoyable, and seeks out more of it based on how it happened the first time. but, in contrast to the prairie vole, at no time do rats learn to associate sex with a particular female. rats are not monogamous.

　　與草原田鼠近似，雄性家鼠性交時(shí)，因多巴胺分泌同樣會(huì)感到快樂。當(dāng)它體驗(yàn)到性讓它感到愉悅，便會(huì)參照初次經(jīng)歷去搜尋更多機(jī)會(huì)。但與草原田鼠相反，家鼠決不會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)把性與某個(gè)特定的雌性個(gè)體關(guān)聯(lián)起來。畢竟家鼠不是“一夫一妻制”的哺乳動(dòng)物。

　　this is where the vasopressin and oxytocin come in. they are involved in parts of the brain that help to pick out the salient features used to identify individuals. if the gene for oxytocin is knocked out of a mouse before birth, that mouse will become a social amnesiac and have no memory of the other mice it meets. the same is true if the vasopressin gene is knocked out.

　　抗利尿激素和催產(chǎn)素就是從這里進(jìn)入這個(gè)科學(xué)傳說的。它們參與了大腦一些部分的工作，以幫助選出用于辨別個(gè)體的顯著特征。 如果在老鼠出生前，dna中的抗利尿激素基因即被剔除, 那只老鼠將會(huì)成為一個(gè)社會(huì)性失憶個(gè)體，它也不會(huì)對(duì)遇到的其他老鼠留下任何印象。如果催產(chǎn)素基因缺損，以上命題同樣成立。

　　the salient feature in this case is odour. rats, mice and voles recognise each other by smell. christie fowler and her colleagues at florida state university have found that exposure to the opposite sex generates new nerve cells in the brains of prairie voles—in particular in areas important to olfactory memory. could it be that prairie voles form an olfactory “image” of their partners—the rodent equivalent of remembering a personality—and this becomes linked with pleasure?

　　這里的顯著特征是氣味。耗子、老鼠和野鼠靠嗅覺區(qū)分彼此。christie fowler和她的同事在佛羅里達(dá)州大學(xué)的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，把草原田鼠暴露給異性可使其大腦產(chǎn)生新的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞——在對(duì)嗅覺記憶至關(guān)重要的一些區(qū)域尤其如此。人類是靠個(gè)性特征來記住某一個(gè)人的。那么草原田鼠會(huì)構(gòu)造一個(gè)嗅覺“形像”去記住伴侶嗎?這與性愉悅是否存在關(guān)聯(lián)呢?

　　dr young and his colleagues suggest this idea in an article published last month in the journal of comparative neurology. they argue that prairie voles become addicted to each other through a process of sexual imprinting mediated by odour. furthermore, they suggest that the reward mechanism involved in this addiction has probably evolved in a similar way in other monogamous animals, humans included, to regulate pair-bonding in them as well.

　　young博士和他的同事在上個(gè)月《比較神經(jīng)學(xué)期刊》的文章中提到了這種想法。他們認(rèn)為草原田鼠通過一個(gè)由氣味做媒介的性烙印過程使配偶彼此沉溺于對(duì)方。此外，他們還提到，與這彼此沉溺上癮相關(guān)的獎(jiǎng)賞機(jī)制在其他的一夫一妻制動(dòng)物(包括人類)生理系統(tǒng)中，或許也進(jìn)化成了相似的方式，以規(guī)范他們的配偶聯(lián)結(jié)關(guān)系。

　　高考優(yōu)秀英文范文：你也許會(huì)面對(duì)它

　　sex stimulates the release of vasopressin and oxytocin in people, as well as voles, though the role of these hormones in the human brain is not yet well understood. but while it is unlikely that people have a mental, smell-based map of their partners in the way that voles do, there are strong hints that the hormone pair have something to reveal about the nature of human love: among those of man's fellow primates that have been studied, monogamous marmosets have higher levels of vasopressin bound in the reward centres of their brains than do non-monogamous rhesus macaques.

　　other approaches are also shedding light on the question. in 2000, andreas bartels and semir zeki of university college, london, located the areas of the brain activated by romantic love. they took students who said they were madly in love, put them into a brain scanner, and looked at their patterns of brain activity.the results were surprising. for a start, a relatively small area of the human brain is active in love, compared with that involved in, say, ordinary friendship. “it is fascinating to reflect”, the pair conclude, “that the face that launched a thousand ships should have done so through such a limited expanse of cortex.” the second surprise was that the brain areas active in love are different from the areas activated in other emotional states, such as fear and anger. parts of the brain that are love-bitten include the one responsible for gut feelings, and the ones which generate the euphoria induced by drugs such as cocaine. so the brains of people deeply in love do not look like those of people experiencing strong emotions, but instead like those of people snorting coke. love, in other words, uses the neural mechanisms that are activated during the process of addiction. “we are literally addicted to love,” dr young observes. like the prairie voles.

　　it seems possible, then, that animals which form strong social bonds do so because of the location of their receptors for vasopressin and oxytocin. evolution acts on the distribution of these receptors to generate social or non-social versions of a vole. the more receptors located in regions associated with reward, the more rewarding social interactions become. social groups, and society itself, rely ultimately on these receptors. but for evolution to be able to act, there must be individual variation between mice, and between men. and this has interesting st year, steven phelps, who works at emory with dr young, found great diversity in the distribution of vasopressin receptors between individual prairie voles. he suggests that this variation contributes to individual differences in social behaviour—in other words, some voles will be more faithful than others. meanwhile, dr young says that he and his colleagues have found a lot of variation in the vasopressin-receptor gene in humans. “we may be able to do things like look at their gene sequence, look at their promoter sequence, to genotype people and correlate that with their fidelity,” he muses.

　　it has already proved possible to tinker with this genetic inheritance, with startling results. scientists can increase the expression of the relevant receptors in prairie voles, and thus strengthen the animals' ability to attach to partners. and in 1999, dr young led a team that took the prairie-vole receptor gene and inserted it into an ordinary (and therefore promiscuous) mouse. the transgenic mouse thus created was much more sociable to its mate.

　　"你或許也會(huì)面對(duì)它"英語(yǔ)作文譯文:

　　雖然抗利尿激素和催產(chǎn)素在人腦內(nèi)的角色仍未被透徹了解，但與田鼠一樣，人體在受到性刺激時(shí)也會(huì)釋放這些荷爾蒙。盡管與田鼠不一樣，人類不太可能有一張基于嗅覺的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)伴侶圖譜，但若干線索已有力說明，這兩種荷爾蒙能揭示一些人類戀愛的本質(zhì)∶在已被研究過的人類靈長(zhǎng)目同伴之中，一夫一妻制小長(zhǎng)尾猴的大腦獎(jiǎng)賞中樞系統(tǒng)中，抗利尿激素水平較非一夫一妻制的恒河短尾猿高。其他方法也正在為人們尋找這些問題的謎底。2000 年，來自倫敦市大學(xué)學(xué)院的andreas bartels和semir zeki定位出了能被浪漫愛情激活的大腦區(qū)域。兩位學(xué)者選擇自稱正在熱戀的學(xué)生作為測(cè)試目標(biāo)，利用腦掃描儀對(duì)他們的大腦活動(dòng)模式進(jìn)行觀測(cè)。

　　令人驚訝的是：首先，人腦參與到戀愛的活動(dòng)區(qū)域，較之其他感情(如普通友誼)，相對(duì)要比較小些。“引人注意的是，結(jié)果顯示，”兩位學(xué)者推斷說，“美麗的面容是通過控制一個(gè)有限區(qū)域的大腦皮層來實(shí)現(xiàn)‘一顧傾人城，再顧傾人國(guó)’的。” 第二個(gè)驚奇之處是，大腦內(nèi)因戀愛而活躍的區(qū)域不同于因其他情緒而活躍的區(qū)域，例如，恐懼和憤怒。 被戀愛“咬住”的那部份大腦還包括負(fù)責(zé)內(nèi)臟感覺和因可卡因等毒品生成快感的區(qū)域。因此，因此，深墜愛河的戀人們的大腦，并非類同于經(jīng)歷強(qiáng)烈情緒波動(dòng)的人，倒更接近那些鼻吸可卡因的癮君子。換句話說，愛情使用的是在成癮過程中被激活的神經(jīng)機(jī)制。“嚴(yán)格地講, 我們成癮于愛情，”young博士評(píng)述道，“就如同草原田鼠”。那么看起來，能形成穩(wěn)固社會(huì)聯(lián)結(jié)的動(dòng)物之所以愿意建立彼此間的伙伴關(guān)系，可能是由它們的抗利尿激素和催產(chǎn)素受體在大腦中的位置所決定。生物進(jìn)化作用于以上受體在大腦的分布，而產(chǎn)生了社會(huì)性或非社會(huì)性不同版本的田鼠。位于獎(jiǎng)賞機(jī)制有關(guān)區(qū)域的受體越多，對(duì)個(gè)體而言, 社會(huì)互動(dòng)就更具有回報(bào)性。動(dòng)物的社會(huì)性團(tuán)體，乃至整個(gè)社會(huì)本身都最終依賴于這些受體。但要使進(jìn)化真能發(fā)生效力，在鼠之鼠之間以及人與人之間，一定存在個(gè)體變異。這一論述還有引人入勝的推論。

　　在emory大學(xué)與young博士一同工作的steven phelps去年發(fā)現(xiàn)，草原田鼠各個(gè)體間抗利尿激素受體的腦內(nèi)分布，存在著很大的差異。他提出，正是這一變異導(dǎo)致了社會(huì)行為的個(gè)體差異，換句話說，一些田鼠將會(huì)比另一些更加忠誠(chéng)。同時(shí)，young博士說他和同事已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)人類抗利尿激素受體基因的許多變異。“我們或許能夠做些類似于察看人們的基因序列，察看他們的啟動(dòng)序列等工作，在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)人們進(jìn)行基因型分類, 并把分類結(jié)果與他們的忠誠(chéng)度關(guān)聯(lián)起來”，young博士作如是想。

　　事實(shí)已經(jīng)證明可能對(duì)這種基因遺傳進(jìn)行修補(bǔ)，并產(chǎn)生了令人吃驚的結(jié)果。科學(xué)家能增加草原田鼠相關(guān)受體的表達(dá)，以加強(qiáng)動(dòng)物對(duì)同伴的依附能力。而且在 1999 年，young博士帶領(lǐng)了一只研究隊(duì)伍，他們將草原田鼠的受體基因插入到一只平常(因此成為雜亂的) 老鼠的體內(nèi)，由此產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)基因鼠對(duì)它的配偶表現(xiàn)得更為友善。

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