實(shí)例講解托福綜合寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)及備考策略
實(shí)例講解托福綜合寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)及備考策略
新托福綜合寫(xiě)作部分主要考察了學(xué)生聽(tīng)寫(xiě)能力,也就是綜合能力,它要求考生利用聽(tīng)到的材料和閱讀材料進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作,所以說(shuō)它的重要性不言而喻。具體會(huì)要求我們先花3分鐘的時(shí)間讀一篇300字左右的文章,之后聽(tīng)一段相關(guān)的材料,最后根據(jù)聽(tīng)到的內(nèi)容和閱讀材料寫(xiě)出一篇180-225個(gè)字之間的文章。下面是小編給大家?guī)?lái)的例講解托福綜合寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)及備考策略,希望能幫到大家!
實(shí)例講解托福綜合寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)及備考策略
簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō),綜合寫(xiě)作就是對(duì)閱讀和聽(tīng)力的歸納總結(jié)。但是這看似簡(jiǎn)單的歸納總結(jié),對(duì)大部分同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)卻是一個(gè)不小的挑戰(zhàn),尤其是自認(rèn)為聽(tīng)力不好的同學(xué)。今天我們就來(lái)看看新托福有哪些寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)。
閱讀和聽(tīng)力的關(guān)系一般是相反的
根據(jù)對(duì)以往托??荚囍芯C合寫(xiě)作的分析,可以得出這樣一條規(guī)律,聽(tīng)力總是會(huì)反駁閱讀的內(nèi)容,而且聽(tīng)力和閱讀材料肯定是對(duì)同一話(huà)題的討論。比如官方真題Official第一套的綜合寫(xiě)作,閱讀主要是說(shuō)四天工作制對(duì)于公司、經(jīng)濟(jì)、雇員有好處,聽(tīng)力中主要論證的是四天工作制對(duì)于這三者沒(méi)好處。
閱讀和聽(tīng)力文章的內(nèi)容形式是一定的
縱觀(guān)官方真題Official綜合寫(xiě)作的文章,不難發(fā)現(xiàn),不論是閱讀還是聽(tīng)力都是給出一個(gè)主題句,之后用三個(gè)論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證。而且閱讀中的論點(diǎn)和聽(tīng)力中的論點(diǎn)是對(duì)應(yīng)的,聽(tīng)力中分別對(duì)閱讀論點(diǎn)加以反駁。
根據(jù)以上總結(jié)出來(lái)的規(guī)律作為依據(jù),我們?cè)诼?tīng)力不好的情況下,通過(guò)閱讀文章進(jìn)行對(duì)聽(tīng)力的預(yù)測(cè)和判斷,依然可以得到重要的信息。
策略一:找出閱讀的主旨句,推斷聽(tīng)力的主旨句
根據(jù)以上兩個(gè)依據(jù),我們可以得出結(jié)論:聽(tīng)力基本上是反駁閱讀的內(nèi)容。所以我們找出閱讀主旨句的同時(shí),就可以推測(cè)出來(lái)聽(tīng)力的主旨句。以官方真題Official1為例。
In the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.(官方真題Official1)
通過(guò)分析官方真題Official1綜合寫(xiě)作的閱讀文章,可以得出以上第一段劃線(xiàn)部分為整篇文章的主旨句。通過(guò)逆襲依據(jù)一,我們可以推測(cè)出聽(tīng)力中的主旨句應(yīng)為此句的反面。讓我們來(lái)看一下聽(tīng)力中的主旨句是否如此。
Offering employees the option of a four-day workweek won’t affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.
聽(tīng)力中的第一段就驗(yàn)證了我們的推測(cè),四天工作制不會(huì)對(duì)公司、經(jīng)濟(jì)、雇員有好處。因此,在聽(tīng)力聽(tīng)不懂的情況下,我們依然可以通過(guò)閱讀文章得出聽(tīng)力的主旨句。
策略二:找出閱讀的論點(diǎn)句,推斷出聽(tīng)力的論點(diǎn)
通過(guò)逆襲策略二,我們可以得出,閱讀和聽(tīng)力都是由三個(gè)論點(diǎn)來(lái)支持主旨句,因此在總結(jié)聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容時(shí),三個(gè)論點(diǎn)也是我們要找的重要信息。在聽(tīng)力聽(tīng)不懂的情況下,我們能不能通過(guò)閱讀文章來(lái)推測(cè)出聽(tīng)力的論點(diǎn)呢。首先來(lái)看一下閱讀文章的第二段。
The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company benefits.
很顯然,這一段主要說(shuō)明的是縮短的工作制對(duì)公司帶來(lái)了好處,增加了公司收益。如果按照逆襲依據(jù)一,我們就可以推測(cè)出聽(tīng)力中肯定說(shuō)的是沒(méi)有增加公司收益。下面來(lái)看一下聽(tīng)力中的第一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。
First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.
聽(tīng)力中很顯然論證的就是四天工作制減少了公司收益,讓公司花費(fèi)更多。至于花費(fèi)在什么地方了,那就是聽(tīng)力中我們需要去記的細(xì)節(jié)了。即便在聽(tīng)不懂的情況下,我們依然可以推測(cè)出聽(tīng)力中的第一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。其他的論點(diǎn)也是如此。
托福寫(xiě)作:"吸煙有害健康"的表達(dá)方法
健康類(lèi)話(huà)題不僅是托福寫(xiě)作??嫉脑?huà)題,也是我們?nèi)粘I钪械臒衢T(mén)話(huà)題。那么,大家知道多少種“……有害健康”的表達(dá)呢?下面我們就以“吸煙有害健康”為例,來(lái)討論一下“…有害健康”的表達(dá)。
首先來(lái)看Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary中的5個(gè)例句,意思都為“吸煙有害健康”:
1. Smoking is bad for your health.
2. Smoking is harmful to your health.
3. Smoking can be damaging to your health.
4. Smoking damages your health.
5. Smoking is a serious health hazard.
前4個(gè)句子是較為初級(jí)的表達(dá),但要注意bad跟for搭配,而harmful和damaging跟to搭配。
第5個(gè)句子是比較高級(jí)的表達(dá),用的是名詞結(jié)構(gòu)a serious health hazard(名詞結(jié)構(gòu)是高級(jí)英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)標(biāo)志),其中hazard是“危險(xiǎn)”的意思,形容詞是hazardous,可以看作dangerous的升級(jí)版。
討論了“……有害健康”,現(xiàn)在我們來(lái)看看“……有利健康”吧。先看兩個(gè)Oxford Advanced Learner’sEnglish-Chinese Dictionary中的例句:
Exercise is good for the health.
Fresh air is beneficial to one’s health.
第1個(gè)句子中的good for與前面講的bad for對(duì)應(yīng);
第2個(gè)句子中的beneficial to與前面講的harmful to對(duì)應(yīng);
可以捆綁起來(lái)記憶。
現(xiàn)在,有害和有利都說(shuō)了,那么有沒(méi)有什么地道的表達(dá)是把有害和有利結(jié)合起來(lái)說(shuō)的呢?答案是肯定的,那就是do more harm than good(弊大于利),或者do more good than harm(利大于弊,但這個(gè)說(shuō)法沒(méi)有前者常見(jiàn)),來(lái)看一個(gè)例句:
【例】Strenuous exercise can often do more harm than good. 劇烈的體育鍛煉,其壞處常常是大于好處的。
(來(lái)源:MacMillan English Dictionary – American)