英語常見副詞用法詳解(5)

英語常見副詞用法詳解

　　3.副詞(短語)的位置

　　a.有關(guān)7類副詞(短語)位置的特別規(guī)律

　　1665 當(dāng)副詞(短語)修飾動詞以外的其他詞時，它的位置很容易確定。但在修飾動詞時，其位置卻不易確定，它可以放在主語前面、助動詞前面、主要動詞前面、及物動詞賓語的前面、補語前面、動詞后面、賓語后面或補語后面。在一個特定的句子中，只有一個或兩個這類位置，從語法或修辭角度上考慮是最好的。例如在

　　—John—will—lend—me—his bicycle—. 中，tomorrow只適宜放在一二個位置上，而不是很多位置上。

　　下面所給“規(guī)律”只是一些建議，因為特定的副詞(短語)有特殊的習(xí)慣用法，宜于放在某個特定的位置，有些還會隨著作者的特殊意圖有特殊的位置。

　　1666 為了決定副詞(短語)的位置，我們把它們分作7類，而不是5類：

　　1)地點副詞(短語)：there，forward，ashore;in Japan，at the station，on high

　　2)時間副詞(短語)：yesterday，ago，yet;on Sunday，this evening，for five days，from 1950 till 1960，since last Januray

　　3)頻度副詞(短語)：often，rarely;from time to time

　　4)肯定副詞(短語)：surely， definitely，probably;no doubt

　　5)程度副詞(短語)：greatly，partially;beyond measure，to some degree

　　6)方式副詞(短語)：slowly，sadly;at a low price，in jest

　　7)疑問副詞(短語)： where?why?how?when?for what reason?in which room?

　　圖解：

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　　不管tomorrow在句中位置如何，它在圖解中的位置不變。

　　1)地點副詞(短語)

　　1667 地點副詞(短語)可以：

　　a)放在主語前面。能用在這個位置的副詞很少，但可用在這個位置的副詞短語卻很多：

　　Outside，the wind is blowing. Here I stop.Upstairs they are gambling.

　　In Japan everybody works hard.From behind a voice said，“good morning”.To the west lay a large villa.

　　Into the city I've never driven this car.(這是錯句，否定謂語不能放在表示方向的狀語后面，而應(yīng)放在前面，應(yīng)當(dāng)說：I've never driven this car into the city.)

　　為了強調(diào)可以放在主語前面的副詞有：off，up，away，over， down，out， in，back，round， on， above，along，about， below，inside，outside

　　Off went John. Off John went.Off he(代詞) went.(但不可說Off went he.)

　　Down fell the vase. Away he ran.Round and round flew the bird.

　　Up you jump! In you go!

　　Up with the King!Down with Fascism!Off with his head!Away with you!

　　可以放在不及物動詞及主語前面。用在這個位置的副詞為there，here，還有一些表示地點的短語，后面跟有以下不及物動詞：be，come， go，follow，stand，sit，lie，remain，live， enter， appear， happen， arise， take place，然后跟有一個可能較長的表示人或物的主語：

　　There is a haunted house. There is a haunted house there (or here).(第一個 there沒有特別意義，第二個there 或here表示地點。)

　　There entered on old man who was over eighty years old but looked very healthy and strong.(較長主語)

　　Here stands a hero of our country. Here comes the car!

　　Here lies my paradise.There goes Jane!(但不能說There goes she!)

　　At the end of the wood( there) lies a cottage.All around the hut(there) grew many beautiful flowers.In the centre of the hall(there) stood a round table.Far out at sea(there)came a fishing-boat.

　　b)放在主要動詞前時極少。

　　c)放在及物動詞后，放在賓語之前或之后?？煞旁谶@個位置的副詞為a)中所列off，up，away等詞。如果賓語較長并受到強調(diào)，副詞要放在它前面，如果賓語為代詞，副詞則必須放在它后面：

　　He put on his coat. He put his coat on.

　　I picked up the book.I picked the book up.

　　She gave away her money.She gave it away.(不可說She gave away it.)

　　He poured me out some tea.(不可說 some tea out)

　　She sent him off a gift(不可說 a gift off)

　　(句中有一間接賓語)

　　She took out “the eggs，butter， cakes and other things.”

　　He picked up“the money he had thrown away when he had been angry”.

　　He will bring back to me“the radio-set he borrowed last week”.

　　(副詞必須放在較長的賓語前面)

　　Drink your wine up.Switch the light on.Put the cigar out.

　　Take everything down.Take your hat off.(在祈使句中這類副詞常放在句末)

　　I put down(= wrote down) his name. He took over(=assumed control of)the business.We saw through(=were not deceived by) his trick.

　　We carried the project through(=We completed it successfully，put it into practice).He laughed the criticism away(=He ignored it).

　　(“及物動詞+地點副詞”常常構(gòu)成成語，并不表示位置。這種成語有時也可分開，如最后兩句的情況。)

　　如果一個表示地點的副詞(短語)和一個表示方向的副詞(短語)一起用在一個謂語后面，表示方向的副詞(短語)應(yīng)放在表示地點的副詞(短語)前面，它們之間不用and，or這類連詞：

　　We drove from west to east in the city(但不可說We drove in the city from west to east.也不可說 from west to east and in the city)

　　如果謂語后跟有兩個表示地點的副詞(短語)，表示較大地點的副詞(短語)要放在表示較小地點的副詞(短語)后面，如果要把其中一個放在主語前面，應(yīng)將表示較大地點的副詞(短語)提前：

　　They can kiss on the street in the U.S.(但不可說 in the U.S.on the street)

　　In the U.S.they can kiss on the street.(但不可說Onthe street they can kiss in the U.S.)

　　如果有幾個表示方向的副詞(短語)，則可按事物發(fā)生的順序安排：

　　From Eighth Street we proceeded past the Grand Hotel to the park，and then turn to the west.

　　如果副詞(短語)表示賓語(而不是主語)的位置，它們應(yīng)放在賓語后面：

　　I keep the tools on the rack.

　　We arranged a picnic in Mary's backyard.

　　I like a vacation by the seaside.

　　Everybody expects a revolt from all directions.

　　This fine climate attracts us to this country.

　　d)放在謂語后面時最多(即放在不及物動詞、補語、或及物動詞的賓語后面)：

　　He went out.Come this way.The train arrived at my town.

　　He climbed to the top of the tree.

　　He feels lonely in a foreign country.The stars look small at a great distance.

　　Hang your coat over there.I met him downtown.

　　圖解：

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　　2)時刻或時段的副詞(短語)

　　1668 表示某個時刻或某段時間的副詞(短語)可以：

　　a)放在主語前面。可用在這個位置的副詞及短語有：

　　yesterday，tomorrow，today，now，once，originally，first，recently，soon，immediately;one morning，just then，three days ago，later on，sooner or later，until then，so far，just now，all at once，during the summer，from 1970 to 1983，since May，since when?until when?how long ago?…，還有由in，at，on，between，by，during，about，before，after，(for)，from…to(or till)，since，till or until等介詞引起的短語：

　　Recently we have been working hard.Soon he arrived at the station.That morning he received his first lesson.

　　Ten years ago I invested very much capital in business.For three nights she did not sleep.From 1975 to 1979 he and I studied physics.Since a week ago，I have been sick.

　　不及物動詞有時可放在時間副詞(短語)和主語之間，更多的強調(diào)主語或引出主語(可參閱1667 a))：

　　Now came John and many others.First came Lilian.Next came another problem.Then followed an excited dialogue.

　　During the summer there broke out a great accident.

　　In the previous week there spread a rumour about his remarriage.

　　下面的副詞(短語)常常用在主語前面起從屬連詞的作用：

　　directly，immediately，once，now(原來都是副詞)，the moment，the instant，the years，the spring，every time，all the time，the few minutes(原來是名詞加修飾語)：

　　It rained directly(or immediately)(= as soon as) he left home. Once you see him，you will never forget him.

　　Now you mention it，I do remember.Any time you come，you are welcome.The few minutes he ate，he had ten telephone calls.All the time he talked，I kept silent.

　　b)用在助動詞前。能這樣用的副詞及短語除a)中第一段所列副詞外，還有l(wèi)ast，already，yet，before，shortly，just，still，eventually;for a moment，as before這類副詞或短語：

　　He will soon come here.He would some day understand me.

　　I was yesterday morning walking along the street.He was soon after caught by the policemen.He was some time before put into prison.He has long(since) been a dead man.I have long admired his works.He has recently (or lately)seen her.