中考英語(yǔ)閱讀知識(shí)點(diǎn)大全
中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題主要考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇閱讀能力、分析和判斷能力。那么關(guān)于閱讀理解題，我們要怎么快速解題呢?接下來(lái)是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為大家?guī)?lái)的關(guān)于中考英語(yǔ)閱讀知識(shí)點(diǎn)大全，希望會(huì)給大家?guī)?lái)幫助。
中考英語(yǔ)閱讀知識(shí)點(diǎn)大全：
中考閱讀理解考察主要內(nèi)容
1.考查掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意的能力
此類(lèi)考查主旨和大意的題大多數(shù)針對(duì)段落(或短文)的主題，主題思想，標(biāo)題或目的，其主要提問(wèn)方式是：
(1) Which is the best title of the passage?
(2) Which of the following is this passage about?
(3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that______.
(4) The passage tells us that______.
(5) This passage mainly talks about_______.
2考查把握文章的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的能力
此類(lèi)考查事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的題目大多數(shù)是針對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)的，其主要提問(wèn)方式是：
(1) Which of the following is right?
(2) Which of the following is not mentioned?
(3) Which of the following is Not True in the passage?
(4) Choose the right order of this passage.
(5) From this passage we know ________.
3考查根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)生詞的含義的能力
此類(lèi)猜測(cè)詞義的題目要求考生根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確含義。其主要提問(wèn)方式是：
(1) The word “ ” in the passage probably means ________.
(2) The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _______.
(3) In this story the underlined word “ ” means ________.
(4) Here “it” means________.
4考查對(duì)閱讀材料全篇的邏輯關(guān)系的理解，對(duì)文章各段，各句之間的邏輯關(guān)系的理解能力
此類(lèi)題目主要考查的是句語(yǔ)句之間，短語(yǔ)短之間的邏輯關(guān)系，其主要提問(wèn)方式是：
(1) Many visitors come to the writer’s city to ________.
(2) Some shops can be built Donfeng Square so that they may _____.
(3) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _____.
(4) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station?
5考查依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和考生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理和判斷的能力
此類(lèi)題目文章中沒(méi)有明確的答案，需要考生再理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理和判斷。其主要提問(wèn)方式是：
(1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _____.
(2) We can infer from the text that _______.
(3) From the letters we’ve learned that it’s very _____ to know something about American social customs.
(4) From the story we can guess ______.
(5) What would be happy if …?
6考查推斷作者意圖和態(tài)度的能力
(1) How did the writer feel at Vienna station?
(2) The writer writes this text to ______.
(3) The writer believes that ______.
(4) The writer suggests that ______.
明確了閱讀理解題的考查要點(diǎn)以后，我們現(xiàn)在來(lái)研究破解閱讀理解題的方法和技巧。
如何獲取段落的主旨和大意?
最有效的辦法是找出主題句。一篇文章(或一段文章)通常都是圍繞一個(gè)中心意思展開(kāi)的。而這個(gè)中心意思往往由一個(gè)句子來(lái)概括。這個(gè)能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主題句。因此，理解一個(gè)段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找主題句。主題句一般具有三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：
(1)表述的意思比較概括，相對(duì)其主句來(lái)看，這種概括性更為明顯。
(2)句子結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單，多數(shù)都不采用長(zhǎng)、難句的形式。
(3)段落中其它的句子必定是用來(lái)解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表述的主題思想。
大部分主題句情況有三種
1主題句在段首或篇首
主題句在段首或篇首的情況相當(dāng)普遍。一般新聞報(bào)道、說(shuō)明文, 議論文大都采用先總述，后分述的敘事方法。例如：2003年陜西省英語(yǔ)中考試題閱讀材料B的第一段：
All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物鏈)。Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.
第一句即是主題句。這個(gè)句子概括了本段的中心意思，“地球上所有的生物要生存都離不開(kāi)其它的生物”。后面講述了大量的事實(shí)，“大部分動(dòng)物必須成群的生活，甚至一種植物也要和其它同類(lèi)的植物靠在一起生長(zhǎng)。有時(shí)一種生物殺死另一種生物，一種生物吃另一種生物，而另一種生物被吃”。在列舉了大量的事實(shí)之后，作者指出：如果這些食物鏈中的一個(gè)鏈環(huán)消失，所有的食物都會(huì)斷掉。所有這些事實(shí)都是圍繞第一個(gè)句子展開(kāi)的。
在這篇短文之后有一道考查主題的閱讀理解題：
59. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?
A. Animals B. Plants C. Food Chains D. Living Things
根據(jù)主題句的意思，我們可以很容易判斷：這篇短文最好的標(biāo)題是Food Chains。
2主題句在段末或篇末
用歸納法寫(xiě)文章時(shí)，往往表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此結(jié)尾。這種位于段末或篇末的主題句往往是對(duì)前面細(xì)節(jié)的總結(jié)，歸納或結(jié)論。例如2002年陜西省中考試題閱讀材料A的最后一段：
If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.
這段文章前面列舉了兩件事實(shí)：如果你買(mǎi)一些制作優(yōu)良的衣服，你會(huì)省錢(qián)，因?yàn)檫@些衣服能穿得時(shí)間長(zhǎng)一些。即使他們洗了很多次，仍然看起來(lái)很好。有時(shí)有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味著這些衣服做得更好。最后一句話是對(duì)這兩個(gè)事實(shí)的概括：有些價(jià)錢(qián)便宜的衣服比價(jià)錢(qián)貴的衣服更好看，更合身。段末這個(gè)句子就是主題句。
3無(wú)主題句
有時(shí)，一篇文章里并沒(méi)有明顯的主題句。這時(shí)我們應(yīng)該怎樣來(lái)確定文章的主題或中心意思呢?其實(shí)這也不難。我們可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是圍繞一個(gè)中心來(lái)展開(kāi)的，或者說(shuō)是來(lái)說(shuō)明一個(gè)問(wèn)題的。這個(gè)中心或這個(gè)問(wèn)題就是這篇文章的主題或中心意思。
請(qǐng)看江西省中考試題閱讀理解A:
Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make
more honey(蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.
Scientists could not control(控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.?
Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.
Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.?
這篇短文表面看起來(lái)沒(méi)有主題句，那末怎樣來(lái)確定它的中心意思呢?按照上面的說(shuō)明，我們先找出每一段的大意：第一段講的是“killer bees”的產(chǎn)生。第二段講的是“killer bees” 的急劇增加。第三段講的是人們害怕“killer bees”的原因。第四段講的是“killer bees”已經(jīng)殺死的人數(shù)和將來(lái)的狀況。從這幾段的大意可以看出這篇文章自始至終都是圍繞“killer bees”這一中心展開(kāi)的。換句話說(shuō)，“killer bees”就是這篇文章的主題。
在這篇短文的后面就出了一道這樣的閱讀理解題：
59. The best title of the passage is ____________.
A. How to make more honey B. Killer bees
C. A foolish scientist D. How to feed killer bees
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，答案應(yīng)該是：B。
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中考英語(yǔ)閱讀知識(shí)點(diǎn)大全
