老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE24
為了幫助大家備考托福閱讀，提高成績，下面小編給大家?guī)砝贤懈ｉ喿x真題及答案:passage 24，希望大家喜歡!
老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE 24
The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth's atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterious phenomena. Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the aurora brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign.
To understand the cause of auroras, first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere, a huge region created by the Earth's magnetic field. Outside the magnetosphere, blasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic filed. Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind's magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion. The Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds, and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphere itself. But in the polar regions, the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of the solar wind bunch together. Here many of the solar wind's charged particles break through the magnetosphere and enter Earth's magnetic field. They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly. In the polar regions, electrons from the solar wind ionize and excite the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit aurora radiations of visible light.
The colors of an aurora depend on the atoms emitting them. The dominant greenish white light comes from low energy excitation of oxygen atoms. During huge magnetic storms oxygen atoms also undergo high energy excitation and emit crimson light. Excited nitrogen atoms contribute bands of color varying from blue to violet. Viewed from outer space, auroras can be seen as dimly glowing belts wrapped around each of the Earth's magnetic poles. Each aurora hangs like a curtain of light stretching over the polar regions and into the higher latitudes. When the solar flares that result in magnetic storms and aurora activity are very intense, aurora displays may extend as far as the southern regions of the United States.
Studies of auroras have given physicists new information about the behavior of plasmas, which has helped to explain the nature of outer space and is being applied in attempts to harness energy from the fusion of atoms.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The methods used to observe auroras from outer space
(B) The formation and appearance of auroras around the Earth's poles
(C) The factors that cause the variety of colors in auroras
(D) The periodic variation in the display of auroras
2. The word "phenomena" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) ideas
(B) stars
(C) events
(D) colors
3. The word "picture" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) frame
(B) imagine
(C) describe
(D) explain
4. The passage describes the magnetosphere as a barrier (line 10) because
(A) its position makes it difficult to be observed from Earth
(B) it prevents particles from the solar wind from easily entering Earth's atmosphere
(C) it increases the speed of particles from the solar wind
(D) it is strongest in the polar regions
5. The word "them" in line 16 refers to
(A) polar regions
(B) electrons
(C) atoms and molecules
(D) aurora radiations
6. According to the passage , which color appears most frequently in an aurora display?
(A) greenish-white
(B) crimson
(C) blue
(D) violet
7. The word "emit" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) change from
(B) connect with
(C) add to
(D) give off
8. The word "glowing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) shining
(B) moving
(C) charging
(D) hanging
9. Auroras may be seen in the southern regions of the United Sates when
(A) magnetic storms do not affect Earth
(B) solar flares are very intense
(C) the speed of the solar wind is reduced
(D) the excitation of atoms is low
10. The passage supports which of the following statements about scientists' understanding of auroras?
(A) Before advances in technology, including satellites, scientists knew little about auroras.
(B) New knowledge about the fusion of atoms allowed scientists to learn more about auroras.
(C) Scientists cannot explain the cause of the different colors in auroras.
(D) Until scientists learn more about plasma physics, little knowledge about auroras will be available.
11. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) "magnetosphere" (line 6)
(B) "electrons" (line 15)
(C) "ionize" (line 15)
(D) "fusion" (line 29)
正確答案： BCBBC ADABA A
托福閱讀形容詞性從句解析
定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中作定語，其作用是修飾主句的某個名詞性成分，相當于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句。通常定語從句皆置于它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞(antecedent)，而引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞稱為關(guān)聯(lián)詞。
關(guān)聯(lián)詞常有3個作用：連接作用，引導(dǎo)定語從句;代替先行詞;在定語從句中擔當一個成分。關(guān)聯(lián)詞為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中可以用作主語、賓語、定語等;關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中只用作狀語。如：
★ One factor which may help ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people's increasing appreciation of their cultural identity.(which may help ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely是關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，用以修飾which的先行詞factor, which在從句中用作主語)
★ And even in regions where new projects seem warranted, we must find ways to meet demands with fewer resources, respecting ecological criteria and to a smaller budget.(where new projects seem warranted是關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句，用以修飾where的先行詞regions, where在從句中用作地點狀語)
定語從句一般緊跟在其先行詞之后。如：
★ Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world's food.(關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句緊跟其先行詞artificial irrigation systems之后)
有時也可以與先行詞分離。如：
★ A new teacher will come tomorrow, who will teach you Chinese.(關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語從句與其先行詞teacher分離)
用作關(guān)聯(lián)詞的關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，但在此提醒考生們絕對沒有“what”。who, whom, whose指人，who是主格，在定語從句中用作主語(在非正式英語中也可以用作賓語，并且用作賓語時可以省去不用);whom是賓格，在定語從句中用作賓語(也可以省去不用);whose是屬格，在定語從句中用作定語(有時也可以指物)。如：
★ The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.(主格關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語)
★ The man who he talked about is a professor.(在非正式英語中who代替了whom,也可以省去不用)
★ He doesn't like the girl whom you refer to.(賓格關(guān)系代詞whom在從句中用作賓語，也可以省去不用)
★ The children whose parents give priority to work may feel lonely and alienated.(屬格關(guān)系代詞whose在定語從句中用作定語，指人)
★ The car whose wheels have been stolen was bought yesterday.(屬格關(guān)系代詞whose在定語從句中用作定語，指物，即car，可以用of which代替，但后者較為正式)
That在定語從句中既可以用作主語，也可以用作賓語(在非正式文體中可省去);既可以指人，也可以指物。如：
★ These methods include strength training that duplicate what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.(關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作主語，指物)
★ Put another way, basic heath-care is now recognized as a ‘public good', rather than a ‘private good' that one is expected to buy for oneself.(關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作賓語，指物)
★ The students that hold a foreign degree seem to be more confident and independent.(關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作主語，指人)
which在定語從句中既可以用作主語，也可以用作賓語;一般皆指物(在非正式文體中可省去)。如：
★ Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have stereoscopic forward and upward.(關(guān)系代詞which在定語從句中用作主語)
★ Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.(關(guān)系代詞which在定語從句中用作賓語，可以省去)
which在從句中也可以被用作定語和表語。如：
★ His money had been stolen, which news annoyed him.(關(guān)系代詞which在定語從句中用作定語)
★ They were completely mistrusted, which in fact, they were.(關(guān)系代詞which在定語從句中用作表語)
關(guān)系代詞在從句中用作介詞賓語時，介詞可以位于從句之首，也可以位于從句之末。但以位于從句之首較為正式。如：
★ This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through ‘a(chǎn)pprentice' scheme, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill.(關(guān)系代詞which在定語從句中用作介詞in的賓語，介詞位于定語從句之首，即which之前)
★ This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through ‘a(chǎn)pprentice' scheme, which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill in.(介詞in位于定語從句之首，which在此可以省去)
像during, except或者表示分割作用的of等介詞通常放在關(guān)系代詞的前面。如：
★ The years during which he was away were long years to her.
★ He wrote many books, some of which you will read some day.
關(guān)系代詞who和that用作介詞賓語時，介詞須置于句末。如：
★ The writer you referred to was an unknown writer.(關(guān)系代詞who用作介詞to的賓語，介詞to須位于定語從句之末，who在口語中可以省去)
★ This is the problem that he has been complaining about.(關(guān)系代詞that用作介詞about的賓語，介詞about須位于定語從句之末)
有時定語從句中還有其他成分，介詞則位于定語從句之中。如：
This is the engineer who he cooperated with in the project.
先行詞指人時，關(guān)系代詞既可以用who, 也可以用that。但關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作主語時，多用主格who。如：
★ Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of the dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various world to conquer.(persons, those, people等先行詞多用關(guān)系代詞who)
★ It is Tom who should be punished.(在強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中，指人時多用who)
★ The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation' to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.
如何快速攻克托福閱讀？
第一種：完全沒有做題，對于做題方法不熟悉
在短短的一個月內(nèi)，想要在托福的閱讀部分獲得一個較高的分數(shù)，還是需要不斷的努力的。針對做題方法不熟悉這個問題：
需要大家在一個月的時間內(nèi)，按照老師所講的托福閱讀的方法，來做大量的練習(xí)——刷題。俗話說 “紙上得來終覺淺，絕知此事要躬行”，大多數(shù)學(xué)生一直都是在聽老師講解，托福閱讀細節(jié)題怎么做，推斷題怎么做，修辭目的題怎么做，但如果你自己沒有認真的去做幾套題，你是永遠無法掌握老師口中所講的方法的，也不能體會題干中的規(guī)律和奧妙。因此對于沒有做過托福閱讀練習(xí)的同學(xué)來說，首先要做的就是，通過多做練習(xí)來提高托福閱讀做題方法的熟練度。對于做題方法都不太熟悉的同學(xué)來說，還是盡快的熟悉下托福閱讀的題型，學(xué)習(xí)做題方法，進行練習(xí)，這樣才能夠達到最佳的效果。
第二種：經(jīng)過了專門的學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)，有些同學(xué)們還是會經(jīng)常做錯題，及覺得做題時間不夠
對于第二類同學(xué)，也是占絕大多數(shù)的同學(xué)來說，學(xué)會總結(jié)是至關(guān)重要的。既然我們都是經(jīng)過了長時間的準備，對于托福閱讀的題型也很了解，那為什么還是會有錯題呢?
大多數(shù)同學(xué)在做題的過程中，會遇到一個問題：不符合題干。也就是說，我們做題的過程當中，并沒有完全的符合文章的意思。很多同學(xué)在找到關(guān)鍵句之后，總是“我以為…”“我認為…”可是，這些認為，并不符合文章的意思，這也是導(dǎo)致大部分同學(xué)做題出錯的罪魁禍首之一。其次，不符合題干，并不僅僅指同學(xué)們自己想的部分，還包括大家自己做題的時候偷換概念。
讓我們舉官方真題Official20當中的一道題進行說明，這道題非常有代表性：
Q6 According to paragraph 3, what was the significance of the land law passed in 1820?
A It granted government-supported loans to farmers.
B It provided farmland at an affordable price.
C It required banks to offer loans to farmers.
D It enabled farmers to sell their land for a profit.
大多數(shù)同學(xué)都能夠通過1820這個年代找到原文中相關(guān)的描寫部分：In 1820 under a new land law, a farm could be bought for 100. The continued proliferation of banks made it easier for those without cash to negotiate loans in paper money. (在1820年，通過了一個新的土地法案，一個農(nóng)場用100美元就能夠買下。)這句話的意思非常簡單，但是為什么還是有這么多同學(xué)會選錯呢? 原因就是因為他們所關(guān)注的是法案的內(nèi)容，而不是題目中所問的法案的重要性。這就是我們所說的，大家自己在偷換概念。此時，需要大家再次看清審題。因此建議同學(xué)們應(yīng)采納的做題順序為：讀題目找關(guān)鍵詞---讀句子---再次讀題---選出正確選項。這樣做的好處是既讓大家看清楚題目，又能快而準確的解題。有時候因為題目沒有讀仔細，我們會出現(xiàn)重復(fù)看文段的現(xiàn)象，這樣就降低了做題速度。不重復(fù)地去讀文段，是解決托福閱讀做題速度慢的最佳方法。
如何全面提高托福閱讀能力
一、基礎(chǔ)信息題
具體分析起來，新托福閱讀基礎(chǔ)信息題中除插話題和修辭目的題外，主要仍是舊托福出現(xiàn)過的傳統(tǒng)題型?；A(chǔ)理解題重點考查讀者對基礎(chǔ)項目的理解，特別是讀者根據(jù)文章的詞匯、句法和語義內(nèi)容理解把握重要信息的能力。總結(jié)發(fā)現(xiàn)，它主要包括以下幾個具體題型：
詞匯題：考查讀者根據(jù)上下文理解特定詞和短語的能力。這種題型雖難度不大，但占每篇文章后所有題目的三分之一，故考生仍應(yīng)重視起來。
指代關(guān)系題：考查讀者認定代詞與其它首語重復(fù)機制以及先行詞/后置詞的關(guān)系的能力。
句子簡化題：考查讀者認定文章中某一特定復(fù)雜句子所傳達的基本內(nèi)容，并不受細枝末節(jié)的干擾，用簡化的句子表達原句基本內(nèi)容的能力。
插話題：考查讀者將特定的一句話插入文章順序相連的四個句子之間的能力。這個題型是國內(nèi)考試常見的Cloze Test的進一步發(fā)展，可謂技高一籌。要完成任務(wù)，讀者必須深入理解各個句子間的詞匯、語法和邏輯聯(lián)系。這是新題型，有相當難度，考生應(yīng)特別重視。
事實信息題：考查讀者抓住文章中闡明的信息，并排除干擾回答問題的能力。讀者的任務(wù)是在題中某意譯的短語選出一個與文章中某相應(yīng)句子建立對應(yīng)關(guān)系。此題型雖然有難度，數(shù)量也較大，但屬于老題型。
正誤判斷題：考查讀者根據(jù)文章中闡明的信息，判斷題中的短語哪些是正確的，哪些是錯誤的或文章沒有提到的信息。
推論題：文章中有些論點/觀點沒有明確闡述，但卻強烈暗示出來了。例如，結(jié)果引出了，推論題就可能問造成結(jié)果的起因。如果文中有比較，推論題就可能問及比較的基礎(chǔ)是什么。如果文中有對某一新現(xiàn)象的明確闡述，推論題就可能要求推論舊現(xiàn)象的特征。推論題雖然是傳統(tǒng)題型，但難度很大，需要考生花大功夫準備。
修辭目的題：考查讀者透過表面特定的修辭方法/方式發(fā)掘潛在的目的能力。要求讀者發(fā)現(xiàn)外在修辭特征背后的修辭目的。
二、篇章應(yīng)用題
新托福閱讀篇章應(yīng)用題不僅僅要求根據(jù)詞匯、句法和語義內(nèi)容理解具體的點和大意，而且要求認定文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和目的。具體說來，要求將文章的信息升華組織成一個腹稿般的框架;區(qū)分主要和次要觀點、根本內(nèi)容與非根本內(nèi)容;理解諸如因果關(guān)系、比較反襯關(guān)系和論證等修辭功能。要求讀者根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容，使用圖表和/或總結(jié)表重構(gòu)中心思想和重點支持信息。對全篇有系統(tǒng)深入的理解，從而進行重構(gòu)是篇章應(yīng)用題的關(guān)鍵目標。它要求讀者能從文章提取和記憶重要的信息并將其應(yīng)用在新的情境中。如果讀者能在頭腦中抽象出一個框架，他就必然能根據(jù)課文重構(gòu)中心思想和相關(guān)重要信息。實際上篇章應(yīng)用題是要求讀者在篇章水平上對全文有一個總的把握。這對中國考生是一場全新的考驗。它考察的是綜合能力。是新托福閱讀部分的難點和重點，要花大力氣才能有所突破。歸納發(fā)現(xiàn)，它主要包括以下幾個具體題型：
篇章總結(jié)題：考查讀者理解全篇中心思想和相關(guān)重要信息的能力。讀者通過區(qū)分主要和次要觀點、以及文章沒有提及的觀點達到總結(jié)全篇的目的。實際上，這一題型要求通過對主旨句的選擇和重組，完成一個完整的全篇總結(jié)。在篇章水平上對全文的綜合理解和掌握， 以及瞬間的歸納總結(jié)能力是考查的重點。欲提高此題的分數(shù)， 考生應(yīng)將功夫下在平時：經(jīng)常鍛煉自己在完成某篇章的閱讀后，迅速趕寫總結(jié)的能力。
圖表題：考查考生從文章中歸納和組織主要但分散的觀點和其他相關(guān)重要信息的能力。這種題型是聽力部分填表題的在閱讀部分的深化和發(fā)展。它同樣是考查讀者對分散信息點的進行簡單的歸類整理。
老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE 24相關(guān)文章：
★ 托福閱讀輔導(dǎo):老托福閱讀真題及答案passage29
老托福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE24
