托福閱讀備考之長難句分析:管弦樂音響
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托福閱讀備考之長難句分析:管弦樂音響
The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy),heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy),and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors,which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively).( TPO40,48)
A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound,from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.
(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)from…to…作定語)
持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)的一系列機(jī)械上的改進(jìn),包括引入踏板以維持音調(diào)或使其柔和,改善金屬框架,以及使用最佳牲能的鋼絲,最終產(chǎn)生了一種具備無數(shù)音調(diào)效果的樂器——這些效果涵蓋了從最精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂音響,從明快流暢的吟唱音調(diào)到尖銳的打擊樂器的恢弘氣氛。
分句1:A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century;
分句2:including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it;
分句3:the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality;
分句4:finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects;
分句5:from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound;
分句6:from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance。
本句的真正的主句結(jié)構(gòu)其實(shí)是由分句1和分句4構(gòu)成,即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects. 分句2和分句3并列修飾說明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements,而分句5和分句6并列,修飾說明了分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects.
怎樣才能快速提升托福閱讀速度
托福閱讀考試想取得高分,首先要掌握一定的詞匯量,還要了解托福閱讀評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的相關(guān)信息。下面小編就給大家說一些提升托福閱讀速度的辦法。
1.學(xué)會(huì)翻譯
在托福閱讀考試中會(huì)大量的出現(xiàn)長難句,很多考生在面對(duì)這些長難句的時(shí)候,往往還會(huì)采用傳統(tǒng)的翻譯方式,從前往后翻譯,這樣做的結(jié)果就是往往翻譯到了最后,考生依然不明白這句話想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)是什么。因此小編建議,考生在托福閱讀考試中,如果遇到了長難句,要先對(duì)它進(jìn)行語法分析,找到句子的主干之后,再看句子的修飾成分。
2.增強(qiáng)對(duì)于背景知識(shí)的了解
在托福閱讀考試中,要求考生掌握的單詞在8000左右,而且在托福閱讀考試中出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容一般都是比較學(xué)術(shù)的,雖然本著公平性的原則,ETS不會(huì)對(duì)某個(gè)專業(yè)考察的過于深入,但是如果考生對(duì)于托福閱讀考試中文章中主要講述的內(nèi)容一點(diǎn)都不了解,那么勢(shì)必會(huì)拖慢我們的閱讀速度。因此小編建議考生在備考的時(shí)候多多的閱讀,多讀一些關(guān)于人文知識(shí),社會(huì)知識(shí),歷史知識(shí)等方面的文章,在開闊自己眼界的同時(shí),提升托福閱讀速度。
3.學(xué)會(huì)放棄
在托福閱讀考試中,如果考生真的遇到了自己不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞,或者是怎么分析也找不到頭緒的句子,不建議考生一直反反復(fù)復(fù)的閱讀,浪費(fèi)大量的時(shí)間。考生可以先適時(shí)的放棄,到最后如果題目中涉及到了這些內(nèi)容,在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上,再反過來進(jìn)行分析。
把握輕松應(yīng)對(duì)托福閱讀生詞的技巧
對(duì)于托福閱讀中生詞的應(yīng)對(duì)技巧,是對(duì)考生在考試時(shí)很有用的。可這不是說平時(shí)閱讀一涉及到生詞便去猜測(cè),如有條件使用詞典,同學(xué)們還是應(yīng)該將不會(huì)的生詞一一查明,并加以記憶。只有這樣才能擴(kuò)充我們的詞匯量,提高閱讀理解能力。猜詞可有多種方法,下面介紹幾種常用且準(zhǔn)確性高的方法,同樣也適合在托福閱讀考試中。
一、利用上下文線索猜測(cè)詞義
1、根據(jù)同義、反義關(guān)系猜詞
Today' s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.
A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy
traditional與liberal意思相反,故選B。
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2、根據(jù)句意或段落文章的上、下文猜測(cè)詞義
Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing
together with them or laughed at them.
A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated
根據(jù)下文的disliked playing together with them判斷此處應(yīng)為“感到孤立”,故選D。
二、利用構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義(利用前、后綴及合成詞猜詞義)
1、用前、后綴猜測(cè)詞義
英語中的前綴、后綴構(gòu)詞頗多,且特定的綴往往表示特定的含義,把握住這一點(diǎn),可起到以不變應(yīng)萬變的效果。
1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last.
overwork是由前綴over-加動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成,over有“超過、過于”之意,overwork意思是“工作過多,勞累過度”。再如,overburden負(fù)擔(dān)過重,overcharge要價(jià)過高,overdo做得過分。英語中常用的前綴還有:
mis-錯(cuò),誤:misfortune不幸;mislead誤導(dǎo);mismanage處理不當(dāng)
mid-中央:midnight半夜;midway半路
under-低于:underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估
anti-反對(duì):antibody抗體;anticyclone反氣旋;antifreeze防凍劑
下面劃線單詞為常見后綴派生詞:
1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty為名詞的標(biāo)志)
2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize為及物動(dòng)詞的標(biāo)志,再如realize, modernize)
2、利用合成詞猜測(cè)詞義。
Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun.
根據(jù)短語構(gòu)成及上下文意思看,此處partakes in相當(dāng)于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名詞爆發(fā)),set out-outset(名詞起始),come in-income(名詞收入) 。
以上介紹了幾種猜測(cè)詞義的方法,相信對(duì)同學(xué)們積累詞匯、理解文章意思會(huì)有所幫助。托福閱讀生詞的學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)日積月累,并時(shí)刻做有心人,發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律,尋找技巧,提高英語水平。
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