在英語(yǔ)中什么是單復(fù)數(shù)用法大全
從詞匯學(xué)中詞義輻射和連鎖聯(lián)結(jié)的角度看,指出隨著語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展,英語(yǔ)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)意義問(wèn)題變得日益復(fù)雜。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理的在英語(yǔ)中什么是單復(fù)數(shù),歡迎閱讀。
在英語(yǔ)中什么是單復(fù)數(shù)
在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)、俄語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)、德語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)等屈折語(yǔ)里面,名詞(或形容詞、代詞、冠詞)都有單復(fù)數(shù)的變化。單數(shù)表示“一”,復(fù)數(shù)表示“多于一”的概念。
英語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)
一、絕大多數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,是在該詞末尾加上后輟-s。讀音變化:結(jié)尾是清輔音讀[s],結(jié)尾是濁輔音或元音讀[z]。例:friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces
二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的詞,在該詞末尾加上后輟-es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。讀音變化:統(tǒng)一加讀[iz]。例:bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes
三、以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞,將y改變?yōu)閕,再加-es。讀音變化:加讀[z]。例:candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories
四、以-o結(jié)尾的名詞,如果不是外來(lái)詞或縮寫,就加-es,否則加-s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。讀音變化:加讀[z]。例:tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes反例:silo→silos; piano→pianos(外來(lái)詞); photo→photos; macro→macros(縮寫詞)
五、以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞,多為將-f或-fe改變?yōu)?ves,但有例外。讀音變化:尾音[f]改讀
[vz]。例:knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves反例:roof→roofs
六、以-us結(jié)尾的名詞(多為外來(lái)詞),通常將-us改變?yōu)?i構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。讀音變化:尾音[Es]改讀[ai],其中[kEs]要改讀為[sai],[gEs]要改讀為[dVai]。例:fungus→fungi; abacus→abaci; focus→foci; cactus→cacti; cestus→cesti
七、以-is結(jié)尾的名詞,通常將-is改變?yōu)?es。讀音變化:尾音[is]改讀[i:z]。例:axis→axes; basis→bases; naris→nares; hypothesis→hypotheses; restis→restes
八、以-ix結(jié)尾的名詞,通常將-ix改變?yōu)?ices,但有例外。讀音變化:尾音[iks]改讀[isi:z]。例:matrix→matrices; directrix→directrices; calix→calices; appendix→appendices 反例:affix→affixes
九、以-um結(jié)尾的名詞,將-um改變?yōu)?a。讀音變化:去掉鼻尾音[m]。例:forum→fora; stadium→stadia; aquarium→aquaria; datum→data; vacuum→vacua
十、以-a結(jié)尾的名詞,在該詞末尾加上后輟-e。讀音變化:尾音[E]改讀[i:]。例:larva→larvae; formula→formulae; ala→alae; media→mediae; hydra→hydrae
十一、部分單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式不變。讀音變化:保持原音。例:fish→fish; sheep→sheep; cattle→cattle; deer→deer; salmon→salmon
十二、極少數(shù)單詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)]有任何規(guī)律。讀音變化:沒(méi)有規(guī)律。例:man→men; woman→women; child→children; person→people; ox→oxen
十三、一些單數(shù)詞得加en才能變成復(fù)數(shù)詞:例:ox→oxen; child→children; brother→brethren
十四、一些單數(shù)詞得改頭換面一番,才能變成復(fù)數(shù)詞例:analysis→analyses分析; basis→bases基礎(chǔ); datum→data數(shù)據(jù); foot→feet; formula→formulae/formulas公式; goose→geese; louse→lice虱子; man→men mouse→mice; medium→media/mediums媒介; memorandum→memoranda/memorandums備忘錄; parenthesis→parentheses 圓括號(hào); phenomenon→phenomena現(xiàn)象; radius→radii 半徑 tooth→teeth; woman→women
十五、有些名詞是單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)不分的例:deer; fish; cannon; sheep; salmon 鮭魚; trout 鱒魚
十六、一些名詞雖分單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù),但出現(xiàn)次數(shù)多的總是單數(shù)詞例:abscence; clothing; film; help; furniture家具; machinery機(jī)械; news; scenery風(fēng)景; sugar; traffic交通
十七、另一些名詞則以復(fù)數(shù)詞出現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)較多例:bellows風(fēng)箱; clothes; police; shorts短褲; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼鏡; shears大剪刀 trousers長(zhǎng)褲; wages工資
十八、compound nouns,這類復(fù)數(shù)詞是以主要的名詞來(lái)表示例:daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law 媳婦; father-in-law→fathers-in-law岳父 man-of-war→men-of-war兵艦; maid-servant→maid-servants step-son→step-sons晚子; son-in-law→sons-in-law
十九、若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞 例:pair(對(duì),雙); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
二十、另外還有一些名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思,例:goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚
二十一、除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。例:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
英語(yǔ)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)用法大全
一、 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式:名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:
1 、一般情況在詞尾加-s: map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2 、以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es: class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 、以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞 變-f和-fe為v再加-es: leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,
loaf-loaves, wife-wives;加-s: belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 、以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加-es :party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5 、以音輔字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,或?qū)S忻~以y結(jié)尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys
6 、以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-es:hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes;不少外來(lái)詞加-s: piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 兩者皆可:zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos
7 、以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s:radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
8 、以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s:truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths
二、不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù):
英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,現(xiàn)歸納如下:
1、改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式:man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2、單復(fù)數(shù)相同:sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3、只有復(fù)數(shù)形式:ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4、一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù):people, police, cattle, staff
5、部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)(整體)也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(成員): audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6、復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義:customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)
7、表示“某國(guó)人”加-s:Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans;單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese;以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為men,-women,Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8、合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù):sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends; 無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù):grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches;將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù):women singers, men servants
看了在英語(yǔ)中什么是單復(fù)數(shù)的人還看了:
1.列舉英語(yǔ)中單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同的名詞