英語(yǔ)翻譯的知識(shí)點(diǎn)
英語(yǔ)翻譯是一門(mén)十分專業(yè)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)問(wèn),隨著我國(guó)向國(guó)際化邁進(jìn)的步伐越來(lái)越快,對(duì)于英語(yǔ)翻譯專業(yè)人才的需求也越來(lái)越旺盛。接下來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為你整理了英語(yǔ)翻譯的知識(shí)點(diǎn)，一起來(lái)看看吧。
英語(yǔ)翻譯的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
1. 異化 (foreignization) 和歸化 (domestication)
保留原語(yǔ)所包含的文化、形象色彩，叫異化，讀者通過(guò)這樣的譯文可以感受到異域文化的東西。例如，把crocodile tears 譯為鱷魚(yú)淚，就是異化的翻譯方法;舍棄原語(yǔ)所包含的文化、形象色彩，取而代之用譯文的文化色彩，或者犧牲這種文化色彩而只翻譯出其意義就是歸化，就是讓原文“歸順”于譯文。例如把crocodile tears 譯為假惺惺的眼淚，就是歸化的翻譯方法。
2. 直譯 (literal translation) 和意譯 (free translation) 直譯即照著原文直接翻譯，例如 藏龍臥虎 – Hidden dragons and hidden tigers. 意譯就是拋棄原文形式而只傳達(dá)其意義，例如 Dutch courage – 酒后之勇
3. 音譯 (transliteration) 比如：store – 士多 cheese –汁斯 風(fēng)水 –fungshui
4. 翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：信達(dá)雅 faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance “信”指的是忠實(shí)于原文的內(nèi)容和風(fēng)格 (faithful to the content and style of the source text;“達(dá)”指的是譯文語(yǔ)言流暢自然而不生硬阻滯 (the translation or target text should be natural and expressive);“雅”指的是譯文譯文語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格盡可能貼近原文風(fēng)格。
5. 詞類的轉(zhuǎn)化 conversion ：名詞 動(dòng)詞 形容詞 副詞 根據(jù)表達(dá)需要，在翻譯中，往往需要進(jìn)行詞類的轉(zhuǎn)化，此外，還包括抽象與具體的轉(zhuǎn)化。
6. 增添法 amplification 比如：增添連接詞、范疇詞、冠詞、介詞等等
7. 省略法 omission比如：省略連接詞、范疇詞、冠詞、介詞等等
8. 漢語(yǔ)是意合(parataxis)語(yǔ)言，分句之間的關(guān)系是隱性的 (covert)，英語(yǔ)是形合 (hypotaxis) 語(yǔ)言，分句之間關(guān)系還是顯性的 (overt)
9. 英語(yǔ)的54種基本句型：
SV / SVC / SVO / SVOO / SVOC
10. 比較來(lái)說(shuō)，漢語(yǔ)是動(dòng)態(tài) (dynamic) 語(yǔ)言 英語(yǔ)是靜態(tài)( static) 語(yǔ)言;漢語(yǔ)更喜歡使用有靈主語(yǔ)(及人或其他有生命的詞作主語(yǔ)animate subject)，英語(yǔ)更喜歡無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)(inaminate subject)，例如：The sight of the photo reminded me of ...(參考教材31面)
11. 句子層次來(lái)說(shuō)，英譯漢常要分division, 漢譯英常要合 combination.
英語(yǔ)翻譯的題目
餃子
餃子是深受中國(guó)人民喜愛(ài)的傳統(tǒng)食品。相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括： 1) 搟皮、2) 備餡、3) 包餡水煮三個(gè)步驟。其特點(diǎn)是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨(dú)特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過(guò)餃子”的俗語(yǔ)。中國(guó)人接親待客、逢年過(guò)節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習(xí)俗，寓意吉利。對(duì)崇尚親情的中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容。
Dumplings
Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---
Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;
2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.
剪紙
剪紙(paper cutting)是中國(guó)最為流行的傳統(tǒng)民間藝術(shù)形式之一。中國(guó)剪紙有一千五百多年的歷史,在明朝和清朝時(shí)期
(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特別流行。人們常用剪紙美化居家環(huán)境。特別是在春節(jié)和婚慶期間,剪紙被用來(lái)裝飾門(mén)窗和房間,以增加喜慶的氣氛。剪紙最常用的顏色是紅色,象征健康和興旺。中國(guó)剪紙?jiān)谑澜绺鞯睾苁軞g迎,經(jīng)常被用作饋贈(zèng)外國(guó)友人的禮物。
Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese papercutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly duringthe Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings areused to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyousatmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizeshealth and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it isoften given as a present to foreign friends.
大四
現(xiàn)在大學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)壓力相當(dāng)重。除了大四，他們開(kāi)始找工作了，其余的學(xué)生總是忙于學(xué)習(xí)，而不愿參加校園團(tuán)體和俱樂(lè)部，不愿參加體育鍛煉和其他課外活動(dòng)，不愿與他們的朋友玩玩，不愿關(guān)心和學(xué)習(xí)沒(méi)有關(guān)系的事?？傊?，他們就像一個(gè)機(jī)器人。壓力大，時(shí)間少，功課多?？吹酵瑢嬍依锏娜硕忌蠄D書(shū)館去學(xué)習(xí)，到深夜閉館才回，而自己卻去看電影，他們就會(huì)有一中內(nèi)疚感。一想到白天什么事都沒(méi)干，心理就感到不安，會(huì)整夜因此睡不著覺(jué)。他們學(xué)習(xí)太緊張，幾乎沒(méi)有時(shí)間好好品嘗生活，干些其他事，成為一個(gè)全面發(fā)展的人。讀大學(xué)使他們失去太多的個(gè)人幸福和健康。
Nowadays, college students bear great/heavy academic pressure. You will find all of them, except seniors who are beginning to look for a job, always too busy with their studies to join campus organizations or clubs, to take part in sports and other extracurricular activities, to play with their friends, and to pay attention to anything unconnected with their studies. In short, they are just like a robot. They are under great pressure to do too much work in too little time. If they go to a movie while their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight, they will feel guilty. The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them uncomfortable and sleepless all night. They study so hard that they hardly have time to savour life and to pursue other interests to grow as all/well-
rounded people. The pursuit of college education costs them too much personal happiness and health.
胡同
北京有無(wú)數(shù)的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活給古都北京帶來(lái)了無(wú)窮的魅力。北京的胡同不僅僅 是平民百姓的生活環(huán)境，而且還是一門(mén)建筑藝術(shù)。通常，胡同內(nèi)有一個(gè)大雜院，房間夠4到10個(gè)家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充滿了友善和人情味。如今，隨著社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，很多胡同被新的高樓大 廈所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下來(lái)。
In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people. Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved.