外國(guó)留學(xué)申請(qǐng)法國(guó)留學(xué)申請(qǐng)書(shū)格式
法國(guó)很多學(xué)校免學(xué)費(fèi)，就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)多，學(xué)校和眾多企業(yè)有合作，給學(xué)生提供了大量的實(shí)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)，所以很多人喜歡到法國(guó)留學(xué)。下面就是小編給大家?guī)?lái)的外國(guó)留學(xué)申請(qǐng)法國(guó)留學(xué)申請(qǐng)書(shū)格式最新，希望能幫助到大家!
外國(guó)留學(xué)申請(qǐng)法國(guó)留學(xué)申請(qǐng)書(shū)格式
Dear _,
A fourth-year student grounded solidly in the basics of computer science, I am writing in pursuit of graduate studies that I hope can help me acquire cutting-edge expertise in software programming in general and parallel processing in particular.
Intrigued by the power of the computer since high school, I have been trying to stay on top of the computer science by concentrating my undergraduate studies on those subjects that underpin the discipline, particularly mathematics and electronics. To build up my solid knowledge in these subjects, I have taken virtually all the related courses that the university has had to offer. These courses include Algorithm & Data Structure, Mathematical Modeling, Network Theory, Digital Circuit, Discrete Mathematics, and Electric Circuit. With a sophisticated understanding in these areas, I have been well positioned to appreciate the basic theories of computer science and their applications to software development.
Aided by the firm command of the basics, I have found it not only easy but also exciting to study the various subjects covered by my major. As most of my classmates, I took a variety of courses ranging from AI to Computer Network, from AI Programming to Knowledge Engineering, from Pattern Recognition to Software Engineering, and from Database Design to Programming Language Design. But I distinguished myself by my academic record, which places me as one of the very top students in my class. My grades in these course never went below A or B. I have also stood out as one of the few who have taught themselves Real Time System and Computer Graphics.
Armed with sound training in the basic theories and applied technologies, I have been able to move on into deeper and wider areas of computer science. Early in my university life, I began to understand that the modern computer's base, the Turing machine, was reaching its limits in AI. Gradually, I have narrowed down my research interest to parallel & distributive computing, which I understand can significantly boost the performance of personal computers by giving them some of the functions of mainframe computers.
Of all the areas of computer science, parallel processing fascinates me the most. The term first came to me when I read the book Computer Organization & Design: the Hardware/Software Interface as part of my Computer Architecture course. By teaching me how the performance of computers can be improved through pipelining and parallel processing, the book reshaped my thinking in computer science.
My lab experience deepened my understanding of parallel processing. In my third year, I worked on a GIFT project with Dr. Komatsu, chief researcher of IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory and Dr. Koseki, one of Dr. Komatsu's colleagues. The project was to introduce the architecture supports that can allow compilers to derive more parallelism from programs. These architecture supports include three designs, a conditional execution mechanism to execute instructions without normal conditional jump instructions, speculative execution mechanism, and a dynamic memory disambiguation mechanism to execute memory access instructions simultaneously.
As undergraduate students seldom get to be involved in actual research, I took full advantage of the opportunity of working in the lab. I particularly enjoyed the seminars held twice a week as part of the lab work. At these seminars, I engaged in in-depth discussions with Master's students under Dr. Komatsu's seasoned guidance. The lab experience is adding weight and insights to my graduation paper An Improvement of Software pipelining using Loop Transformations. In this paper, I will introduce a translation algorithm using loop interchange and loop skewing. This algorithm can minimize the initiation interval of loop nest to improve the performance of software pipelining.
Through my lab experience and other research, I have developed a long-term professional objective: the advancement of the parallel processing technology. While I have strong faith in this technology, I also know its limitations as it is today. Some sequential algorithms can't be easily translated into fast parallel algorithms and most compilers can only distribute works on one platform. Another unsettled problem is that programming parallel computers is now still a manual work. But even the modern language (like Java, C++) can do some automatic translation work. If a compiler can be developed to translate and distribute work into different platforms, personal computers will be able to work like mainframe computers at a fraction of the mainframes' costs. This will make it possible to connect all the computers in the world and speed up all the processes.
To help take the parallel processing technology beyond what is capable of today, I have to undertake more advanced studies. This, I believe, can only be accomplished in a quality graduate program like yours. I plan to pursue a master's degree with a concentration on paralleling and distributing compilers, operating systems or computer networks, a combination thereof. With the training that goes into such an advanced degree, I think I will be able to take great strides towards fulfilling my professional objective. When I do, I think I will be standing on the cutting-edge of the computer science.
Yours sincerely,
xuexila.com/shenqing/
法國(guó)留學(xué)住宿類(lèi)型解讀
一、大學(xué)生公寓
在法國(guó)，設(shè)在大學(xué)校園內(nèi)或市內(nèi)的大學(xué)生公寓均由大區(qū)大學(xué)及學(xué)校事務(wù)管理中心 (CROUS) 負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)行管理。公寓內(nèi)設(shè)10至12平方米帶家俱和盥洗設(shè)備的單人房間，廁所和淋浴為樓層公用。公共設(shè)施還包括：公用小廚房、工作和會(huì)議室等。某些公寓還提供一些特殊服務(wù)，例如：公共部分的打掃、提供床單、常駐保安看守，等等。這類(lèi)住所的平均租金在每月120至300歐元之間。
這些住房依照學(xué)生社會(huì)條件進(jìn)行分配。獲得公立大學(xué)生公寓的住房名額非常困難，尤其是在巴黎。因?yàn)檫@些住房名額通常優(yōu)先為獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金享受者預(yù)留。對(duì)于外國(guó)留學(xué)生，則優(yōu)先分配給法國(guó)政府獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金享受者。
二、私營(yíng)大學(xué)生公寓
這類(lèi)專(zhuān)供大學(xué)生租用的私營(yíng)公寓分布于法國(guó)各大城市。為彌補(bǔ)公立大學(xué)公寓住房的不足，最近幾年來(lái)，法國(guó)的私營(yíng)大學(xué)生公寓得到了很快的發(fā)展。私營(yíng)大學(xué)生公寓通常提供帶家俱和設(shè)備的單間套房 ( Studio) ;內(nèi)設(shè)簡(jiǎn)易廚房，視情況可配帶餐具;公用設(shè)施包括：咖啡廳、電視室、會(huì)議室、復(fù)印室、自動(dòng)洗衣房，等等。這些單間套房根據(jù)適用于私營(yíng)部門(mén)的租賃法規(guī)出租;須簽訂租約并按要求繳納押金。如在離開(kāi)住房時(shí)，房屋設(shè)施保持搬入時(shí)的原樣狀況，則可退還押金。
在某些私營(yíng)大學(xué)生公寓，電費(fèi)由學(xué)生自付，而且如果居住時(shí)間至少超過(guò)一年時(shí)，還須繳納居住稅。這類(lèi)住房的月租金巴黎約需590至686歐元，外省400至686歐元。
三、私人住宅
租用這類(lèi)私人住宅，即使是帶家俱房間或單間套房，通常要求出示父母擔(dān)保書(shū)，以保證如期支付房租。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，房東對(duì)房客的經(jīng)濟(jì)收入有嚴(yán)格的要求，即申報(bào)的收入必須至少是房租的四倍。房主可要求房客出示最近幾個(gè)月的工資單或最近一兩年的年收入申報(bào)單。如果需要有人作擔(dān)保的話(huà)，擔(dān)保人的收入必須至少高于房租六至八倍。
這類(lèi)住房通常需要通過(guò)物業(yè)中介管理公司尋找;也可通過(guò)報(bào)刊廣告直接向房主租用。按照法國(guó)的習(xí)慣，房租由兩個(gè)部分組成：一是歸屬房主的住房租金，另一部分稱(chēng) 作“雜費(fèi)負(fù)擔(dān) ( Charges)”，主要用于支付日常公共開(kāi)支，例如：信件、門(mén)房、樓房公共部分的清潔打掃，等等。雜費(fèi)金額視住房大小和樓房檔次而不同。學(xué)生住房的雜費(fèi)大約在每月50 歐元左右。在租房廣告中，如有縮寫(xiě)注明“CC”，也即“charges comprises ”，其意思是所列的房租中已經(jīng)包含了“雜費(fèi)”;否則，還應(yīng)另加雜費(fèi)。為謹(jǐn)慎起見(jiàn)，應(yīng)隨時(shí)詢(xún)問(wèn)房東或房產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)公司房租是否包含雜費(fèi)。
四、家庭寄宿
所謂家庭寄宿，也就是在私人家庭里租用一間帶家俱的房間，和房東家庭一起生活。這種方式對(duì)于短期居留者尤其合適;對(duì)留學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，也不失為一解決住房的方式。寄宿也可有幾種不同的形式，例如，包早餐，或者允許使用房東家庭的廚房，等等。房東對(duì)房客在擔(dān)保以及繳納房租方面的要求也會(huì)因人而異。這種家庭寄宿的租金在巴黎大約每月在800至1050歐元之間，外省價(jià)格可以減半。這種住房的缺陷當(dāng)然是獨(dú)立性受到限制，例如，在聲音、在接待朋友等方面。
五、旅館
旅館住宿由于價(jià)格昂貴，至少每晚在48歐元左右，所以只能是臨時(shí)的權(quán)宜之計(jì)。值得了解的是，在法國(guó)，某些旅館實(shí)行遞減價(jià)格制，對(duì)連續(xù)居住一個(gè)月以上的客人采用優(yōu)惠價(jià)格。
法國(guó)藝術(shù)研究生留學(xué)費(fèi)用
一、學(xué)費(fèi)
在法國(guó)大多數(shù)的公立學(xué)校是不需要學(xué)生交學(xué)費(fèi)的，但是現(xiàn)在法國(guó)公立學(xué)校的注冊(cè)費(fèi)也是不低的，法國(guó)的藝術(shù)研究生所需要交的注冊(cè)費(fèi)是3800歐元(29665元)一年，而在法國(guó)非公立學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)藝術(shù)研究生課程的學(xué)費(fèi)是比較貴的4000-15000歐元(31227元-117102元)一年。
二、生活費(fèi)
住宿費(fèi)：法國(guó)的藝術(shù)院校也給在這里讀書(shū)的學(xué)生提供了學(xué)生宿舍，但是學(xué)校的宿舍是沒(méi)有太多的，校內(nèi)宿舍的住宿費(fèi)是110-150歐元(858元-1171元)一個(gè)月左右，在法國(guó)讀書(shū)的國(guó)外學(xué)生很多都是住在校外的公寓，通常在巴黎租一間帶衛(wèi)生間的公寓費(fèi)用是400-600歐元(3122元-4684元)一個(gè)月，如果是在法國(guó)其他城市租這種類(lèi)型的公寓是比較便宜的200-350歐元(1561元-2732元)一個(gè)月。
伙食費(fèi)：在法國(guó)讀書(shū)每月的飲食費(fèi)平均是在200歐元(1561元)左右，如果平時(shí)都是在法國(guó)學(xué)校的食堂吃飯花銷(xiāo)是144歐元(1124元)一個(gè)月，如果是在外面用餐最低的花銷(xiāo)是390歐元(3044元)一個(gè)月。很多同學(xué)都是幾個(gè)人租一套房子，平時(shí)都是自己做飯能省下不少錢(qián)。
醫(yī)保費(fèi)：在法國(guó)讀書(shū)如果超過(guò)4個(gè)月的學(xué)生是必須要交醫(yī)保費(fèi)的，法國(guó)的醫(yī)保費(fèi)每年要交100-800歐元(780元-6245元)不等。
交通費(fèi)：不管是去上學(xué)還是平常出去玩都要坐車(chē)的話(huà)，交通費(fèi)也是每個(gè)月都少不了的，學(xué)生通常都會(huì)買(mǎi)月票45歐元(351元)要比單程票價(jià)格少一點(diǎn)。
通訊費(fèi)：在國(guó)外讀書(shū)的同學(xué)經(jīng)常跟國(guó)內(nèi)的家人聯(lián)系手機(jī)話(huà)費(fèi)是不能少的20歐元(156元)一個(gè)月，大致算下來(lái)在法國(guó)的花費(fèi)要花240歐元(1873元)左右一年。
法語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)費(fèi)用：法國(guó)的很多專(zhuān)業(yè)都是使用法語(yǔ)來(lái)教學(xué)的，國(guó)外的學(xué)生想要申請(qǐng)這類(lèi)課程就需要先學(xué)習(xí)法語(yǔ)，如果是在法國(guó)的語(yǔ)言班學(xué)習(xí)法語(yǔ)，每個(gè)小時(shí)收取的費(fèi)用是4-8歐元(31元-62元)不等。
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外國(guó)留學(xué)申請(qǐng)法國(guó)留學(xué)申請(qǐng)書(shū)格式
