sci論文寫作常用句子
sci論文寫作常用句子
sci論文寫作常用子，這是專門讓我們這些懶人去用的.下面是小編為大家精心推薦的sci論文寫作常用句子，希望能夠?qū)δ兴鶐椭?/p>
sci論文寫作常用句子
文獻(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)介
1. Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.
2. In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine ......
3. Previous studies have reported ......
4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......
5. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with .......
6. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that ......
7. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......
8. Recent evidence suggests that .......
9. Several attemps have been made to ......
10. A number of researchers have reported ......
11. Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith, & Patel, 1977).
12. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ...... Studies of X show the importance of .....
強(qiáng)調(diào)研究領(lǐng)域存在的問題
1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......
2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......
3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
4. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ......
5. There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......
6. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
7. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......
強(qiáng)調(diào)研究領(lǐng)域存在的爭(zhēng)議
1. To date there has been little agreement on what ......
2. More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about .....
3. One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......
4. In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......
5. The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
6. Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ......
7. This concept has recently been challenged by ....... studies demonstrating .......
強(qiáng)調(diào)研究領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)差距
1. So far, however, there has been little discussion about ......
2. Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors .......
3. However, far too little attention has been paid to ......
4. In addition, no research has been found that surveyed .......
5. So far this method has only been applied to ......
6. This indicates a need to understand the various perceptions of poverty that exist among ......
7.However, the evidence for this relationship is inconclusive ......
8.What is not yet clear is the impact of X on ......
9.The neurobiological basis of this X is poorly understood.
10. However, much uncertainty still exists about the relation between ......
11. Until recently, there has been no reliable evidence that ......
12. However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ......
13. Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for .....
14. No previous study has investigated X
15. Although extensive research has been carried out on ...., no single study exists which .... ..
強(qiáng)調(diào)前人研究的不足之處
1. Most studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......
2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......
5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....
6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......
7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
9. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......
11. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......
12. However, much of the research up to now has been deive in nature ....
13. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......
14. However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.
15. X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......
重申研究目的
1. Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.
2. The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of ......
3. There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate ...... 2. To ascertain ......
4. The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what ......
5. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between ......
6. The main aim of this investigation is to assess the doses and risks associated with ......
7. This thesis intends to determine the extent to which ...... and whether .....
8. This thesis will examine the way in which the .......
9. This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of ......
10. This dissertation seeks to explain the development of .......
11. This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of .....
12. Drawing upon two stands of research into X, this study attempts to ......
13. The aim of ths study is to shine new light on these debates through an examination of ......
14. The major objective of this study was to investigate ......
15. One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were ......
16. The objectives of this research are to determine ......
17. This study therefore set out to assess the effect of management by ......, and the effect of ......
18. This study systematically reviews the data for......, aiming to provide clarity surrounding the role of .....
研究問題/假設(shè)
1. The central question in this dissertation asks how ......
2. In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:
3. The hypothesis that will be tested is that ......
4. The key research question of this study was thus whether or not ......
5. This study aimed to address the following research questions:
6. Another question is whether ......
介紹方法、數(shù)據(jù)的來源
1. This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of ...... 2. This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.
3. The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qualitative, semi- structured interview methodology.
4. By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the ......
This work takes the form of a case-study of the ......
5. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.
6. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide both deive, interpretive and empirical data.
7. A holistc approach is utilised, integrating literary, numanistic and archeological material to establish ......
8. The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: .....
9. The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via .......
10. Five works will be examined, all of which .....
表明局限性
1. Due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of ...... It is beyond the scope of this study to examine the .......The reader should bear in mind that the study is based on a small sample of ......
2. Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad. A full discussion of X lies beyond the scope of this study.
概況研究框架
1. The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter.
2. My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.
3. Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ......
4. The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.
5. The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that have been identified in analysis.
6. Chapter 6 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during the course of this research, ......
7. The final chapter draws upon the entire thesis, tying up the various theoretical and empirical strands in order to ......
8. Finally, the conclusion gives a brief summary and critique of the findings,
9. ......and includes a discussion of the implication of the findings to future research into this area.
10. ...... Finally, areas for further research are identified.
解釋關(guān)鍵術(shù)語
1. While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this dissertation will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as .......
2. Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to .......
3. In this dissertation the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.
4. According to ...... (2000) X can be defined as follows; " X is one of ...... "
5. The term X is a relatively new name for ...... commonly referred to as ....
精彩論文范文
淺談中醫(yī)生活護(hù)理
【關(guān)鍵詞】中醫(yī) 生活護(hù)理 環(huán)境 起居
中圖分類號(hào)：R248文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：B文章編號(hào)：1005-0515(2011)10-142-01
人們的日常生活起居及周圍環(huán)境，與人體的健康具有密切關(guān)系。住院病人的生活起居條件，直接影響著治療效果。生活護(hù)理，就是要對(duì)病人的日常生活起居加以照料，包括為病人提供一個(gè)良好的休養(yǎng)環(huán)境，使病人早日康復(fù)。古代醫(yī)家對(duì)此積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，可概括為以下兩方面。
1 病區(qū)環(huán)境要求
1.1 病室整潔，溫度、濕度、及光線適宜
明代陳實(shí)功《外科正宗》中指出：“先要灑掃患房潔凈”，“冬要溫床暖室，夏宜凈幾明窗”。這是對(duì)病人居住環(huán)境的基本要求。
病室內(nèi)的衛(wèi)生環(huán)境，直接影響患者的身體健康。應(yīng)當(dāng)指導(dǎo)病室的所有人員，都要關(guān)心并隨時(shí)注意保持室內(nèi)的整潔。病室內(nèi)的陳設(shè)應(yīng)力求簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用，易于搬動(dòng)，便于打掃，同時(shí)要便于醫(yī)生查體和臨床護(hù)理操作。除設(shè)置病人必須用品外，其余物品應(yīng)當(dāng)讓家屬帶回。要定時(shí)打掃病室，要求門窗四壁凈，天棚地板凈。室內(nèi)要濕式擦洗，防止灰塵飛揚(yáng)?；颊叽矄伪仨毐３智鍧?、平整、干燥。床頭柜要擦干凈，病人的物品放置也要有規(guī)律。病人出院后，要清理床鋪，更換被服，擦洗床頭柜，整理病人用過的一切用品，進(jìn)行消毒，做好迎接新患者的準(zhǔn)備。
在保持室內(nèi)整齊、干凈的同時(shí)，還要適當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)室內(nèi)的溫度、濕度以及光線。病室溫度以 18～20°C為宜。。過低會(huì)使病人感到寒冷，過高病人會(huì)感到炎熱不適。病人對(duì)氣溫感覺有一定差別，應(yīng)加以注意。老年人和陽虛陰盛之體多畏寒，室溫宜偏高;年輕人和陰虛陽盛之體多惡熱，室溫宜偏低。外感風(fēng)寒者，多惡風(fēng)寒，要注意保溫，室溫宜偏高;里熱亢盛者，但熱不寒，要注意通風(fēng)，室溫宜偏低。若室溫過高時(shí)可開窗通風(fēng)或用電扇調(diào)節(jié)，但須注意不要讓冷風(fēng)直接吹在病人身上。《天隱子養(yǎng)生書》中指出：“避風(fēng)如避箭，若盛暑所居，兩頭通屋，弄堂夾道，風(fēng)回涼爽，其為害尤甚。養(yǎng)生者當(dāng)慎之。”冬季若室溫過低，要注意關(guān)緊門窗，并增加衣被或用熱水袋以取暖。病人對(duì)室溫要求不同時(shí)，可以通過加減衣被來調(diào)節(jié)。尤其應(yīng)注意的是，北方冬季寒風(fēng)凜冽，病室的窗戶應(yīng)當(dāng)封好，僅留有氣窗，以免靠窗病床的病人感受風(fēng)邪?！侗Ｉ洝吩赋觯?ldquo;常坐之處，令其四面周密，勿令小有細(xì)隙，致風(fēng)得入。人不易知，其傷人最重。初時(shí)不覺，久能中人。”總之，四時(shí)氣候變化很大，要注意調(diào)節(jié)病室的溫度。
室內(nèi)空氣濕度也須適當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)。濕度過高，汗液的蒸發(fā)受阻，病人會(huì)感到潮濕憋悶。脾虛濕盛及風(fēng)寒濕痹患者，對(duì)此就更為敏感，往往會(huì)使病情加重。濕度過低，病人會(huì)感到口鼻干燥，咽喉不適?；馃峥菏⒄呔透X口渴欲飲，特別是陰虛肺熱者，常常會(huì)因此而誘發(fā)鼻衄、嗆咳。一般室內(nèi)的相對(duì)濕度應(yīng)以55%～65%為宜。濕度過高，可開窗通風(fēng)。濕度過低，可在室內(nèi)灑水或用濕拖布擦地，冬季可在暖氣上放濕毛巾以提高濕度。
另外，室內(nèi)光線宜充足，使病人感到舒適愉快，同時(shí)也便于醫(yī)護(hù)人員診療及護(hù)理操作。夏季正午，室內(nèi)光線過強(qiáng)時(shí)可用窗簾適當(dāng)遮蔽強(qiáng)光。正如《天隱子養(yǎng)生書》所云，室內(nèi)應(yīng)當(dāng)“陰陽適中，明暗相半”，“太明即下簾，以和其內(nèi)映，太暗則�簾，以通其外耀。內(nèi)以安心，外以安目，心目具安，則身安矣”。說明光線的調(diào)節(jié)對(duì)病人很重要。
1.2 居處安靜、空氣新鮮
《素問・生氣通天論》曰：“蒼天之氣，清凈則志意治・・・・・・。”說明人的精神情志與外界環(huán)境密切相關(guān)。安靜的環(huán)境，清新的空氣，會(huì)使人感到心情愉快，身體舒適。相反，人聲嘈雜，機(jī)器轟鳴小兒啼哭，會(huì)令人煩惱。病人的心理常常是緊張、焦急、煩惱、不安。對(duì)普通人來說幾乎是無所謂的一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)聲響，對(duì)病人來說可能就是一種不良刺激，往往會(huì)使病情加重。例如，心氣虛者，甚至一聲門響都會(huì)使之心悸不已;走廊的腳步聲，會(huì)使患者徹夜不眠。因此醫(yī)護(hù)人員要重視并保證病室內(nèi)及周圍環(huán)境的安靜。使病人得到充分的休息和睡眠，從而精神振作，食欲增加，有利于疾病的康復(fù)。
保持病區(qū)內(nèi)外環(huán)境的空氣新鮮也是非常重要的。室內(nèi)空氣混濁，會(huì)使人感到頭暈、疲倦，因此病室內(nèi)嚴(yán)禁吸煙，同時(shí)要注意室內(nèi)通風(fēng)。夏季天氣炎熱，應(yīng)經(jīng)常打開門窗通風(fēng)換氣，其他季節(jié)可視情況而定每天至少1～2次。冬季氣候寒冷，只能打開小氣窗，時(shí)間不宜過長(zhǎng)，切勿使空氣對(duì)流。通風(fēng)前要做好病人的保暖工作，防止病人受涼而感冒。
1.3 瘟疫勞瘵，消毒隔離
瘟疫是具有強(qiáng)烈傳染性和流行性的一類急性熱病的總稱 。勞瘵則是一種具有傳染性的慢性虛損性疾患。對(duì)于傳染病的護(hù)理要注意食具、衣物以及病室空氣的消毒，要采取隔離治療的方法，以免傳染給他人。但有時(shí)往往由于醫(yī)生的誤診而將傳染病患者收入普通病房。尤其在傳染病流行季節(jié)，護(hù)士更應(yīng)提高警惕，發(fā)現(xiàn)后立即將患者轉(zhuǎn)至?？撇》?，并對(duì)原病房?jī)?nèi)外進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的消毒。
2 病人起居護(hù)理
2.1 法于陰陽，起居有常
中醫(yī)認(rèn)為自然界與人體是一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體，自然界季節(jié)、氣候的變化，必然會(huì)使人體產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的反應(yīng)，即“人與天地相應(yīng)”。因此，在護(hù)理工作中，也應(yīng)根據(jù)自然界四時(shí)陰陽的變化規(guī)律，指導(dǎo)患者的日常生活起居。春季天氣由寒轉(zhuǎn)暖，但氣候不穩(wěn)定，乍寒乍熱，宣暄不一，所以當(dāng)告知患者“不可頓去棉衣”。尤其是老年人，“氣弱骨疏體怯，風(fēng)冷易傷腠理”，應(yīng)當(dāng)提醒他們根據(jù)氣溫的變化，隨時(shí)加減衣被。并且多主張“棉衣晚脫，不可令背寒”，“春不可衣薄”，“衣欲下厚而上薄”。夏季萬物生長(zhǎng)茂盛，人體陽氣也發(fā)散于外，可以晚些入睡，但應(yīng)早起鍛煉身體。夏季天氣炎熱，不可讓病人圖一時(shí)之快而在空氣對(duì)流的過道、弄堂中乘涼，也“不得于星月下露臥”，或睡眠中令人扇風(fēng)取涼。秋季天氣漸涼，人體陽氣應(yīng)當(dāng)收斂，要“早臥早起”。秋季某些舊病容易復(fù)發(fā)，所以“宜和平將攝”。冬季天寒地凍，人體“伏陽在內(nèi)”，可以“早臥晚起”，病室宜保暖，“去寒就溫，無泄皮膚”。但也不可過暖，“棉衣當(dāng)晚著，使?jié)u漸加厚”。尤其是老年人“骨肉疏薄”，易感外邪，冬季不宜早起外出，以免感受風(fēng)寒?？傊?，應(yīng)該根據(jù)四時(shí)的變化，加以調(diào)護(hù)。
2.2 沐浴更衣，講究衛(wèi)生
使住院患者養(yǎng)成良好的衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣，對(duì)于預(yù)防疾病的互相傳播具有積極意義，有條件的地方，應(yīng)當(dāng)在病人入院時(shí)即給予沐浴，然后更換住院服，再送入病區(qū)。護(hù)士要督促輕患者搞好個(gè)人衛(wèi)生，每日早晚要刷牙，每餐后要漱口，飯前、便后要洗手，勤剪指甲，經(jīng)常保持皮膚及口腔的清潔。每晚臨睡前要洗臉洗腳。用溫水洗腳可以促進(jìn)氣血流通，幫助去除疲勞，以獲得良好的睡眠。夏季天氣炎熱，人體汗出較多，應(yīng)當(dāng)勤洗澡，勤換衣褲。其他季節(jié)可根據(jù)情況1～2周左右沐浴一次，以保持皮膚清潔，襯衣也要每周換洗一次。孫思邈曾指出：“饑忌浴，飽忌沐。”我們應(yīng)當(dāng)注意宣傳，以免患者空腹洗澡后發(fā)生暈厥。對(duì)臥床不起的病人，護(hù)士應(yīng)當(dāng)定期給予床上擦浴、洗頭、修剪指甲，對(duì)于二便失禁的病人，要勤換尿布，勤擦洗，保持臀部干燥，防止發(fā)生褥瘡。同時(shí)還要經(jīng)常做好衛(wèi)生宣傳，指導(dǎo)病人不但要搞好個(gè)人衛(wèi)生，還要保持公共衛(wèi)生，不要隨地吐痰，亂扔果皮等。
2.3 動(dòng)靜結(jié)合，促病痊愈
住院病人應(yīng)當(dāng)很好休息，以保持體力，有助于病體康復(fù)。適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)動(dòng)，可以使經(jīng)絡(luò)通暢，營衛(wèi)氣血調(diào)和，增加抵御外邪的能力，所以住院病人也應(yīng)動(dòng)靜結(jié)合。要根據(jù)每個(gè)人的具體情況，適當(dāng)安排休息和運(yùn)動(dòng)，不宜過分強(qiáng)調(diào)休息。急性病和危重患者須臥床休息，日常生活要由護(hù)理人員幫助，隨著病情的好轉(zhuǎn)，可在床上做適量的活動(dòng)。大病初愈，也應(yīng)當(dāng)注意休息，待體力恢復(fù)后，再循序漸進(jìn)地適當(dāng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。慢性病和恢復(fù)期病人，不可久臥病榻，“久臥傷氣”，對(duì)機(jī)體不利，可以到戶外活動(dòng)，如散步、做體操、打太極拳等，使血脈流通，以利于疾病的恢復(fù)。