sci論文寫作常用句型
sci論文寫作常用句型
剛剛開始寫論文的作者，都是這樣寫學(xué)術(shù)型的文章，下面是小編搜集整理的sci論文寫作常用句型，歡迎閱讀查看。
sci論文寫作常用句型
文獻(xiàn)簡介
1. Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.
2. In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine ......
3. Previous studies have reported ......
4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......
5. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with .......
6. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that ......
7. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......
8. Recent evidence suggests that .......
9. Several attemps have been made to ......
10. A number of researchers have reported ......
11. Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith, & Patel, 1977).
12. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ...... Studies of X show the importance of .....
強(qiáng)調(diào)研究領(lǐng)域存在的問題
1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......
2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......
3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
4. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ......
5. There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......
6. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
7. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......
強(qiáng)調(diào)研究領(lǐng)域存在的爭議
1. To date there has been little agreement on what ......
2. More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about .....
3. One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......
4. In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......
5. The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
6. Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ......
7. This concept has recently been challenged by ....... studies demonstrating .......
強(qiáng)調(diào)研究領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)差距
1. So far, however, there has been little discussion about ......
2. Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors .......
3. However, far too little attention has been paid to ......
4. In addition, no research has been found that surveyed .......
5. So far this method has only been applied to ......
6. This indicates a need to understand the various perceptions of poverty that exist among ......
7.However, the evidence for this relationship is inconclusive ......
8.What is not yet clear is the impact of X on ......
9.The neurobiological basis of this X is poorly understood.
10. However, much uncertainty still exists about the relation between ......
11. Until recently, there has been no reliable evidence that ......
12. However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ......
13. Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for .....
14. No previous study has investigated X
15. Although extensive research has been carried out on ...., no single study exists which .... ..
強(qiáng)調(diào)前人研究的不足之處
1. Most studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......
2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......
5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....
6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......
7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
9. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......
11. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......
12. However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature ....
13. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......
14. However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.
15. X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......
重申研究目的
1. Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.
2. The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of ......
3. There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate ...... 2. To ascertain ......
4. The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what ......
5. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between ......
6. The main aim of this investigation is to assess the doses and risks associated with ......
7. This thesis intends to determine the extent to which ...... and whether .....
8. This thesis will examine the way in which the .......
9. This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of ......
10. This dissertation seeks to explain the development of .......
11. This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of .....
12. Drawing upon two stands of research into X, this study attempts to ......
13. The aim of ths study is to shine new light on these debates through an examination of ......
14. The major objective of this study was to investigate ......
15. One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were ......
16. The objectives of this research are to determine ......
17. This study therefore set out to assess the effect of management by ......, and the effect of ......
18. This study systematically reviews the data for......, aiming to provide clarity surrounding the role of .....
研究問題/假設(shè)
1. The central question in this dissertation asks how ......
2. In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:
3. The hypothesis that will be tested is that ......
4. The key research question of this study was thus whether or not ......
5. This study aimed to address the following research questions:
6. Another question is whether ......
介紹方法、數(shù)據(jù)的來源
1. This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of ...... 2. This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.
3. The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qualitative, semi- structured interview methodology.
4. By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the ......
This work takes the form of a case-study of the ......
5. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.
6. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide both descriptive, interpretive and empirical data.
7. A holistc approach is utilised, integrating literary, numanistic and archeological material to establish ......
8. The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: .....
9. The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via .......
10. Five works will be examined, all of which .....
表明局限性
1. Due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of ...... It is beyond the scope of this study to examine the .......The reader should bear in mind that the study is based on a small sample of ......
2. Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad. A full discussion of X lies beyond the scope of this study.
概況研究框架
1. The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter.
2. My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.
3. Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ......
4. The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.
5. The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that have been identified in analysis.
6. Chapter 6 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during the course of this research, ......
7. The final chapter draws upon the entire thesis, tying up the various theoretical and empirical strands in order to ......
8. Finally, the conclusion gives a brief summary and critique of the findings,
9. ......and includes a discussion of the implication of the findings to future research into this area.
10. ...... Finally, areas for further research are identified.
解釋關(guān)鍵術(shù)語
1. While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this dissertation will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as .......
2. Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to .......
3. In this dissertation the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.
4. According to ...... (2000) X can be defined as follows; " X is one of ...... "
5. The term X is a relatively new name for ...... commonly referred to as ....
精彩論文范文
設(shè)計(jì)·生活
摘要：本文通過對設(shè)計(jì)含義的分析而延伸到對當(dāng)代設(shè)計(jì)與生活相互之間的聯(lián)系，在由此分析作為當(dāng)代設(shè)計(jì)該怎樣更好的為人類、社會(huì)服務(wù)!
關(guān)鍵詞：藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì) 生活 創(chuàng)新 需求
一 設(shè)計(jì)的概念
設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)詞在人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪谐霈F(xiàn)的頻率很高，如“發(fā)型設(shè)計(jì)”、“服裝設(shè)計(jì)”、“包裝設(shè)計(jì)”、“美術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)”、“平面設(shè)計(jì)”、“封面設(shè)計(jì)”、“廣告設(shè)計(jì)”等。我們平常所說的“動(dòng)腦筋”、“想辦法”等也可以看作是“設(shè)計(jì)”的一種表達(dá)，任何事物在醞釀、策劃階段都可以成為設(shè)計(jì)。“設(shè)計(jì)”已經(jīng)滲透到我們社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)方面，甚至我們對于“吃什么”的這種思考也可以說是一種“設(shè)計(jì)”。設(shè)計(jì)作為一種人類有意識(shí)的活動(dòng)，其含義是“在正式做某項(xiàng)工作之前，根據(jù)一定的目的的要求，預(yù)先制定方法、圖樣等”。
設(shè)計(jì)是人類自覺認(rèn)識(shí)世界和改造世界的創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)，設(shè)計(jì)的歷史與人類的歷史一樣久遠(yuǎn)，它與人類的起源同步，有了人就有了設(shè)計(jì)。但在整個(gè)人類社會(huì)發(fā)展的不同階段，人們對設(shè)計(jì)的理解不盡相同。因此，“設(shè)計(jì)”一詞應(yīng)該是一個(gè)歷史『生的概念。不同的歷史近階段，所體現(xiàn)出的設(shè)計(jì)也各不相同。最早制作勞動(dòng)工具如石斧、石刀、弓和箭的原始獵人，是人類第一批設(shè)計(jì)師。經(jīng)過漫長的發(fā)展，現(xiàn)在的設(shè)計(jì)已具有很強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)代性。
其實(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)是一種針對目標(biāo)的求解活動(dòng)，是以創(chuàng)造性的方法解決人類面臨的各種的問題，或者是從現(xiàn)存事實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)向未來可能的構(gòu)思和想象。例如就一個(gè)有使用價(jià)值的東西而言，人們對其認(rèn)識(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可能會(huì)不一樣，一種是科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)為主，最求理性和定量的，注重功能和實(shí)用性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);一種是以感性認(rèn)識(shí)為主，追求藝術(shù)形式和非定量的，注重個(gè)人感受的精神標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。理性代表的是客觀事實(shí)，感性代表的是人類的態(tài)度。設(shè)計(jì)是從兩種不同的認(rèn)識(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中使得科學(xué)與設(shè)計(jì)有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來，從而創(chuàng)造出設(shè)計(jì)的文化與價(jià)值。今天的人們無時(shí)無刻不置身于人為事物的環(huán)境中。設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)不僅是科學(xué)和技術(shù)的結(jié)果，他更是人們意愿想法的顯示體現(xiàn)，其已經(jīng)成為一種文化。
二 設(shè)計(jì)與生活
1 設(shè)計(jì)與生活的聯(lián)系
現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)作為人與自然溝通的手段、改善人類生活的方法，已經(jīng)滲透到了社會(huì)的各個(gè)角落。設(shè)計(jì)由人創(chuàng)造，當(dāng)然也與人的生活密切相關(guān)。設(shè)計(jì)藝術(shù)下面的學(xué)科包括產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)(工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì))、平面設(shè)計(jì)(視覺傳達(dá)設(shè)計(jì))、環(huán)境藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)、染織服裝設(shè)計(jì)、手工藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)、裝飾藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)，看這些學(xué)科無一不是為人類的生活而產(chǎn)生的設(shè)計(jì)，這些學(xué)科貫穿著我們的日常生活，衣、食、住、行都涵括其中。設(shè)計(jì)的本質(zhì)是在對自然一人一社會(huì)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)基礎(chǔ)上，創(chuàng)造滿足人們需求的物品，并通過物來協(xié)調(diào)人與自然、人與人、人與環(huán)境等多種關(guān)系，使之趨于自然、和諧、從而獲得價(jià)值和文化的認(rèn)同。設(shè)計(jì)的本質(zhì)是通過物品的實(shí)用性、精神性、審美性、文化性、創(chuàng)新性等方面體現(xiàn)出來，而設(shè)計(jì)的本質(zhì)則又圍繞著以人為本這一設(shè)計(jì)核心而展開。設(shè)計(jì)的本質(zhì)也是由人的生活方面衍生而來。實(shí)用，即客體的某種功效、用途，反映了人的需求。設(shè)計(jì)是先有了具體的實(shí)用要求和目的，然后產(chǎn)生設(shè)計(jì)意念并付諸相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)。實(shí)用性是設(shè)計(jì)的主要意義，這是設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)本質(zhì)特征，任何設(shè)計(jì)都要以實(shí)用性為出發(fā)點(diǎn)和歸宿。設(shè)計(jì)的精神性指物品的使用按個(gè)人帶來精神上的愉悅感、滿足感、美感。我國古代思想家墨子曾說：“食必常飽，然后求美;衣必常暖，然后求麗;居必常安，然后求樂。”人們滿足了最基本的物質(zhì)的實(shí)用性需求，在此基礎(chǔ)上，人們就會(huì)產(chǎn)生精神方面的需要。設(shè)計(jì)的欣賞性，是指設(shè)計(jì)物的內(nèi)在和外在形式喚起的人的審美感受，滿足人對美欣賞的需求，是設(shè)計(jì)物與人之間相互關(guān)系的高級(jí)精神功能因素。例如對平面設(shè)計(jì)來說，一個(gè)成功的設(shè)計(jì)，無論是海報(bào)、包裝、還是書籍，都要給人以美的感受。文化是人類生活方式的總和，是人類社會(huì)所創(chuàng)造的物質(zhì)財(cái)富和精神富的總和，是人的產(chǎn)物，是人類世界與自然世界相區(qū)別的本質(zhì)因素?，F(xiàn)在的文化已走下神壇，變成了大眾的文化。而當(dāng)一個(gè)實(shí)物一直沒有突破改變的話，這又讓人產(chǎn)生審美疲勞，所以，這又產(chǎn)生了創(chuàng)新的需要，創(chuàng)新是一個(gè)民族的靈魂。創(chuàng)新是藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)的生命的維系者，沒有創(chuàng)新，也就意味著藝術(shù)生命的終結(jié)。
設(shè)計(jì)伴隨著人類的發(fā)展而發(fā)展，在當(dāng)代社會(huì)，設(shè)計(jì)與人們的生活更加緊密，只有認(rèn)真生活過、本著“以人為本”這個(gè)理念才能做出讓大眾廣泛接受設(shè)計(jì)。
2 消費(fèi)文化與設(shè)計(jì)
社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展造就了設(shè)計(jì)的繁榮，設(shè)計(jì)促進(jìn)了社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，所以設(shè)計(jì)必須為社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)服務(wù)、必須融于社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展自己。當(dāng)代社會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)已滲透到經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的方方面面，藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)也成為提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和市場競爭的根本戰(zhàn)略和有效途徑。藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展的原動(dòng)力在于人們對美的不懈追求。這種追求是自發(fā)的、與生俱來的。正是這種對美好事物的向往與追求，成為推動(dòng)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的強(qiáng)大的動(dòng)力，它滿足消費(fèi)者不斷增長的物質(zhì)需求和精神需求。反過來，設(shè)計(jì)的價(jià)值必須投入到社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中，充分體現(xiàn)了它的經(jīng)濟(jì)屬性。消費(fèi)這一行為表示對一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的認(rèn)可，消費(fèi)與設(shè)計(jì)相互依賴的，只有消費(fèi)，設(shè)計(jì)師才能源源不斷的創(chuàng)造設(shè)計(jì)，而只有設(shè)計(jì)，才能滿足消費(fèi)者的物質(zhì)需要。一件設(shè)計(jì)的作品要有一個(gè)閃光點(diǎn)，這個(gè)點(diǎn)可以吸引消費(fèi)者的購買欲望，這樣才能說是一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)好的開始，這也就要求我們要為社會(huì)上的大眾群體所考慮。藝術(shù)家的藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作可以是個(gè)人的、表現(xiàn)的，而設(shè)計(jì)師的設(shè)計(jì)則是社會(huì)的、非表現(xiàn)性的，設(shè)計(jì)師在某種程度上說也承擔(dān)著社會(huì)責(zé)任。
提到經(jīng)濟(jì)就離不開消費(fèi)，生活方式在一定意義上表現(xiàn)為一種消費(fèi)方式，一種對產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)方式，而藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)是直接為消費(fèi)服務(wù)的，因此，生活方式與產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)與生產(chǎn)密切相關(guān)。消費(fèi)與設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)系實(shí)際上是設(shè)計(jì)與生活方式的聯(lián)系。著名設(shè)計(jì)師索特薩斯曾說過，設(shè)計(jì)是生活方式的設(shè)計(jì)。例如對平面設(shè)計(jì)來講，如果所做的設(shè)計(jì)沒有經(jīng)過對你產(chǎn)品所針對的社會(huì)群體進(jìn)行了解，那你如何做出能夠迎合他們口味的產(chǎn)品呢。如果經(jīng)濟(jì)因素占設(shè)計(jì)的主導(dǎo)地位，那么，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)能夠長久嗎?答案是毫無疑問的，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)沒有他的精神在里面，這也導(dǎo)致他不可能有很長的“壽命”。如果只是為了錢而設(shè)計(jì)的作品同樣會(huì)讓人產(chǎn)生審美疲勞，最終曇花一現(xiàn)。例如一張產(chǎn)品海報(bào)，表達(dá)的信息就是告訴別人你的商品好，海報(bào)所表達(dá)的欲望是讓消費(fèi)者都來買你的商品，那這張海報(bào)所帶來的效益是眼前的，所丟失的卻是長遠(yuǎn)的利益。設(shè)計(jì)也是一種藝術(shù)，他是美的藝術(shù)，現(xiàn)在的社會(huì)追求的是藝術(shù)化生活，藝術(shù)化的生活，則讓設(shè)計(jì)的存在更具合理性也會(huì)更加增強(qiáng)設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)用性。藝術(shù)化地生活是人類的理想，是人類向往的一種自由的、藝術(shù)的更為符合人本性的生活。藝術(shù)化的生活是美的生活，這種生活是物質(zhì)之美與精神之美的統(tǒng)一生活。在另一種意義上，這也是哲學(xué)化的生活智慧!
三 設(shè)計(jì)的“變質(zhì)”及發(fā)展
設(shè)計(jì)要想為大眾所廣泛接受需要進(jìn)行質(zhì)的改變，物質(zhì)化的設(shè)計(jì)是被我們遺棄的，藝術(shù)化的設(shè)計(jì)可保持設(shè)計(jì)的新鮮活力?，F(xiàn)在的設(shè)計(jì)要“變質(zhì)”，一是指從哲學(xué)的角度來做設(shè)計(jì)，二是指從藝術(shù)的角度來做設(shè)計(jì)。從哲學(xué)上來看，設(shè)計(jì)的對象是產(chǎn)品，但設(shè)計(jì)的目的并不是產(chǎn)品，而是滿足人的需要，即設(shè)計(jì)是為人的設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)可以說是人的需要的產(chǎn)物，是滿足人對產(chǎn)品及其他非產(chǎn)品的需要的產(chǎn)物。所謂需要，主要指人對某種目標(biāo)的渴求和欲望。有了需要，人才會(huì)有積極的欲望，有了欲望才會(huì)創(chuàng)造。哲學(xué)家把人的需要解釋成客體和主體、需要的對象和需要的主體的狀態(tài)之間的關(guān)系，這是主體現(xiàn)有狀態(tài)和主體應(yīng)有狀態(tài)之間“失調(diào)”的矛盾關(guān)系，需要得到滿足，矛盾即消解。所謂動(dòng)機(jī)，是指為滿足某種需要而發(fā)生行為的念頭或想法。它是促使人們行動(dòng)的內(nèi)部動(dòng)力，是激發(fā)人們的行為以達(dá)到一定目的的內(nèi)因。用哲學(xué)的思維來分析設(shè)計(jì)，這會(huì)走出另一種不同的路。藝術(shù)文化是物質(zhì)因素與精神因素在高層次上的審美結(jié)合，設(shè)計(jì)也是物質(zhì)與精神相結(jié)合的。設(shè)計(jì)要想更好的發(fā)展，在我看來，要回歸于本真，即尋找精神上最初所訴求的欲望，這種欲望由生活而來，所以設(shè)計(jì)要來自于生活又回歸于生活，到生活中去需找創(chuàng)作靈感，把自己當(dāng)作一個(gè)消費(fèi)者，站在消費(fèi)者的角度來想什么樣的設(shè)計(jì)是消費(fèi)者想要的，對于他們是合適的，要知道在金字塔尖上做出的設(shè)計(jì)只有上帝一人看的到，而大眾卻不能接受，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)毋庸置疑是失敗的!把設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)做一門藝術(shù)去雕琢，讓設(shè)計(jì)藝術(shù)化，藝術(shù)化中又有生活這個(gè)“地氣”在，達(dá)到雅俗共賞才是真!
馬克思把藝術(shù)看作是掌握世界的一種方式。當(dāng)今世界已從科學(xué)時(shí)代步入后科學(xué)時(shí)代，我們的設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)造活動(dòng)也要適應(yīng)這個(gè)變化，進(jìn)入高層次、多樣化局面。只有我們在設(shè)計(jì)的形式上或是內(nèi)容上推陳出新，不忘記作為設(shè)計(jì)師所做設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)本著的初衷，這樣，設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)給人類創(chuàng)造更美好的生活，更好的為人類服務(wù)!