托福閱讀常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)大匯總

時(shí)間：2024-02-17 05:26:17 楚薇20由分享

為了幫助大家了解托福閱讀常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤選校類型，更好得備考托福閱讀，小編給大家整理相關(guān)內(nèi)容，一起了解吧。

托福閱讀常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)大匯總

一、編造事實(shí)

這類選項(xiàng)其內(nèi)容在原文中并沒(méi)有提到，也不能從原文中推斷出來(lái)，它們往往將原文中的信息和原文中沒(méi)有的信息糅合在一起來(lái)迷惑考生，或者通過(guò)改動(dòng)文中的關(guān)鍵語(yǔ)句使選項(xiàng)與原文信息大相徑庭，形成陷阱。例如：

A. ccording to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings? (備考指導(dǎo)3-Architecture)

A. Because new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.

B. The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that may be built.

C. The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.

D. Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.

這道題中的D選項(xiàng)就犯了編造事實(shí)的錯(cuò)誤。原文中的相關(guān)信息是“In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.”，說(shuō)的是早期的建筑材料種類少，只有木材、石頭和磚塊等，并沒(méi)有說(shuō)數(shù)量上是否充足，因此D選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。

二、改變范圍

這類選項(xiàng)其內(nèi)容和原文內(nèi)容在范圍上是不一致的。它們往往將原文內(nèi)容的范圍隨意擴(kuò)大或縮小，即以偏概全或者以一般代替?zhèn)€別，從而形成陷阱。例如：

8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPT(練習(xí)題1-The Origins of Theater)

A. Theater allows people to face that they are afraid of.

B. Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.

C. Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.

D. Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.

這道題中D選項(xiàng)在原文中的相關(guān)信息是“The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.” 意思是：“所以，戲劇成為了一種幫助人們認(rèn)識(shí)和理解這個(gè)世界，或是幫助人們逃避不滿現(xiàn)實(shí)的工具?！蔽闹姓f(shuō)的是“understand their world”，但D選項(xiàng)則把范圍縮小成了“understand the human mind”，因此這道題的答案就是D選項(xiàng)(注意這道題是一個(gè)“Except”題)。

三、偏離題意

這類選項(xiàng)往往是不符合題干的，也就是我們所說(shuō)的“答非所問(wèn)”。它們很有可能就是原文的內(nèi)容或者可以從原文中推斷出來(lái)，其本身是正確的，所以具有很大的干擾性。如果考生審題不認(rèn)真，就很容易誤選。例如：

According to paragraph 6, what is the main disadvantage of the proposed plans to transport river water to the High Plains?(練習(xí)題3-Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer)

A. The rivers cannot supply sufficient water for the farmer’s needs.

B. Increased irrigation costs would make the products too expensive.

C. The costs of using capillary water for irrigation will increase.

D. Farmers will be forced to switch to genetically engineered crops.

根據(jù)題干中的 “disadvantage”和“transport river water”定位到原文中的“Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international mark.” 意思是：“不幸的是，通過(guò)以上任何一種方式(通過(guò)運(yùn)河或管道輸送河水)獲得水資源都會(huì)將抽水的成本提高10倍以上，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致這一地區(qū)的灌溉農(nóng)產(chǎn)品成本在國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上失去競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力?！笨梢?jiàn)解決成本問(wèn)題是從河流引水這樣的解決方案的關(guān)鍵所在，灌溉成本增加導(dǎo)致農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在國(guó)內(nèi)及國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力下降。C選項(xiàng)提到了灌溉成本，但題干說(shuō)的是引入河水的解決方案的缺陷，因此C選項(xiàng)是不正確的。

托福閱讀潛規(guī)則的解析

原文：

M: Do you know what time the train goes the city?

W: Normally it’s every 20 minutes. But it’s weekend, so I’m not sure.

選項(xiàng)：

(A) Listen to the traffic report on the radio

(B) Take a later train.

(D) Check the weekend schedule.

很顯然這里的正確答案為D，因?yàn)樵瓎?wèn)題到了周末時(shí)間表與周1-5不同，因此，最好的選擇方案是看一下周末的時(shí)間表，去找一下準(zhǔn)確的時(shí)間。

很顯然這里W并沒(méi)有直接的告訴我們要去查詢時(shí)間表，而是告訴我們周末的時(shí)間不確定，因此我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了她實(shí)際上是在暗示我們要Check the weekend schedule。這就是典型的另有深意。

新托福閱讀也繼承了老托福聽(tīng)力的光榮傳統(tǒng):P，也開(kāi)始為我們大張旗鼓的玩起了另有深意這樣的事情。這一點(diǎn)尤其在新托福TPO里面體現(xiàn)得尤為明顯。

當(dāng)然還是拿真實(shí)例子說(shuō)話，首先看一下新托福真題TPO1里面的一段。

Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

題目：

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

A It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

B It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

C It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

D It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

很顯然原文At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water. 為我們提到很難想象，在如此“堅(jiān)實(shí)”的地下，會(huì)有足夠的空間來(lái)盛如此之多的水，這里就很隱晦的告訴我們其實(shí)地下并不“堅(jiān)實(shí)”，而是還有很多的空間，來(lái)盛放groundwater，因此我們得到的正確答案就是C選項(xiàng)，也就是原來(lái)我們行走的這片土地之下還有足夠的能力來(lái)承載如此之多的水。

很顯然，這里也是很隱晦的告訴我們地下空間其實(shí)是很大的。

下面這道題也是一樣。

The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.

All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPT

A A mountain valley

B Flat land

C A lake floor

D The seafloor

本題問(wèn)的是到底哪里沒(méi)有沉積呢?

dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. 告訴我們，只有在流速緩慢的地點(diǎn)才會(huì)沉積。但是他不直接告訴我們具體在什么地點(diǎn)，而是讓我們?nèi)ビ眠壿嬐评怼?/p>

因此當(dāng)我們尋找的時(shí)候，發(fā)現(xiàn)Flat land“平緩之地”毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是流速緩慢的，這樣的地方不會(huì)沉積，然后再告訴我們a river slows on entering a lake or the sea，湖和海洋，也是流速緩慢的地點(diǎn)，自然也不會(huì)沉積。那么唯一會(huì)沉積的地方也就只有上游mountain valley才會(huì)沉積，因?yàn)楹恿髁鹘?jīng)的地點(diǎn)分別是from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land，以及a river slows on entering a lake or the sea。

自然當(dāng)我們排出了Flat land、a lake以及the sea之后，也就只可能剩下mountain valley了。

托福閱讀的解題方法整理

(1)主旨題。主旨題有三種：A、作者的意圖;B、文章標(biāo)題;C、文章的中心思想。這種題一般為第一道題，所以這道托福閱讀題的解題技巧就是放在最后做，因?yàn)樽銎渌}時(shí)，考生會(huì)逐步了解文章的各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，在做題的過(guò)程中就會(huì)對(duì)文章個(gè)總的理解，最后處理主旨題可謂水到渠成、萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。

(2)列舉題。列舉題有兩種：A、一正三誤;B、三正誤。也可分為四類。第一類：一句話列舉。根據(jù)某個(gè)選項(xiàng)的語(yǔ)言提示，回歸托福閱讀文章找到一句話，這句話包含三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容;第二類：局部列舉。根據(jù)題意，回歸文章發(fā)現(xiàn)連續(xù)兩三句話涉及三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容;第三類：段落列舉。題干語(yǔ)言在某自然段首句重現(xiàn)。這個(gè)句子為段落主題句，即三個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容在這段出現(xiàn)，不涉及到其他段落;第四類：文章列舉。選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容涉及整個(gè)文章。一句話列舉題和段落列舉題有明顯的信號(hào)詞幫助答題，根據(jù)題序做題，不必區(qū)別對(duì)待。文章列舉題和局部列舉題則應(yīng)放其他題做完之后再處理。

(3)文章結(jié)論題。文章結(jié)論題即根據(jù)文章可以推斷出下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)結(jié)論是正確的，題干沒(méi)有任何語(yǔ)言信號(hào)詞。這種題有以下幾種布局：為文章第一道題時(shí)，相當(dāng)于文章主旨題，應(yīng)放在最后一道題時(shí)，有可能針對(duì)文章最后部分，也有可能針對(duì)整篇文章，但不大可能涉及文章其他部分的細(xì)節(jié)。所以文章結(jié)論題的解題技巧應(yīng)該具體情況具體分析，并不一定是面對(duì)整個(gè)文章。

(4)作者態(tài)度題。作者態(tài)度題分為兩種：A、局部作者態(tài)度題;B、整體作者態(tài)度題。文章最后一道題問(wèn)及作者態(tài)度時(shí)為整體作者態(tài)度題，它涉及通篇托福閱讀文章，要根據(jù)整個(gè)文章數(shù)個(gè)語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)串起來(lái)的一根主線答題，也就是作者行文的口氣。這種題的托福閱讀題的解題技巧是考生千萬(wàn)不可以根據(jù)某一個(gè)語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)答題，因?yàn)檎w作者態(tài)度題不是考核某一個(gè)點(diǎn)，而是考整體感覺(jué)。局部作者態(tài)度題位置比較靈活，往往問(wèn)及作者對(duì)文章中某一個(gè)具體內(nèi)容的看法，題干通常信號(hào)請(qǐng)將考生帶回文章某一區(qū)域，考查考生對(duì)某個(gè)語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的理解。有時(shí)候，某個(gè)選項(xiàng)從作者的表達(dá)相悖，因此，做作者態(tài)度題時(shí)，考生一定注意不要把自己作為讀者的分析、觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加于作者。

(5)文章推斷預(yù)測(cè)題。文章結(jié)構(gòu)題三種：A、文章前面的段落內(nèi)容是什么?B、文章下面接著將要講什么?C、文章組織結(jié)構(gòu)是什么?推斷文章前面的內(nèi)容立足于文章首句，因?yàn)槲恼率拙涑猩蠁⑾?，尤其注意首句中諸如this、so、other than之類的結(jié)構(gòu)詞。預(yù)測(cè)下文的內(nèi)容則分兩步走：第一、讀文章每段首句，文章每段首句表示文章內(nèi)容的邏輯走向。如果文章講述某一事物的兩個(gè)階段或方面，下文將介紹這一事物的第三個(gè)階段或方面。所以我們把預(yù)測(cè)下文內(nèi)容的題稱之為坐標(biāo)題，即豎看文章每段首句，橫看文章最后一句，其他句子是文章所講內(nèi)容，而不是下面將要講的內(nèi)容，往往選項(xiàng)干擾來(lái)自文章所講內(nèi)容。至于文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)題，只需要讀文章每段首句即可，因?yàn)檫@些句子是文章框架。