托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作以退為進(jìn)的“讓步段”寫(xiě)法
能寫(xiě)出一篇漂亮的獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作，大概是所有考托福的同學(xué)們的殷切愿望?！白尣蕉巍笨梢宰屇愕?a href='http://zh056.com/yu/wenzhang/' target='_blank'>文章論點(diǎn)更豐滿，更客觀，下面小編給大家?guī)?lái)托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作以退為進(jìn)的“讓步段”寫(xiě)法。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作以退為進(jìn)的“讓步段”寫(xiě)法
俗話說(shuō)“知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆”，想寫(xiě)出漂亮的“讓步段”，你必須去了解“讓步段”的由來(lái)和寫(xiě)法。今天，就讓蔡潤(rùn)光老師帶你學(xué)習(xí)“讓步段”!
對(duì)于一篇獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作，主體段充分展開(kāi)與否非常重要。在主體段段落安排時(shí)，除了寫(xiě)支持段(supporting paragraphs)也可以使用讓步段(concession)?？忌唤麜?huì)問(wèn)：究竟何為讓步段?為何要寫(xiě)讓步段?具體如何寫(xiě)讓步段?筆者蔡蔡將會(huì)一一解答。
究竟何為讓步段?
讓步段內(nèi)容會(huì)寫(xiě)到支持面的弊端或?qū)α⒚娴膬?yōu)點(diǎn)，貌似與立場(chǎng)相悖，南轅北轍;實(shí)則，讓步段并不是“搬石頭砸自己的腳”，而是為了“退一小步，近一大步”以退為進(jìn)地加強(qiáng)文章立場(chǎng)。
為何要寫(xiě)讓步段?
實(shí)則是為了：內(nèi)容上更加充實(shí)，邏輯上更加嚴(yán)密，思路上更加切題。
首先，段落展開(kāi)內(nèi)容上不僅可以說(shuō)支持面的好處，也可以寫(xiě)自身有何缺點(diǎn)，或反方有何可取之處。這樣一來(lái)，文章可寫(xiě)內(nèi)容變多，更加充實(shí)。其次，在邏輯上也包含了辯證思考，正反分析。最后，對(duì)于題干中反面不可被忽略的題目，如二選一的利弊類(lèi)題目，若沒(méi)有通過(guò)段內(nèi)對(duì)比的方式包含對(duì)立面，文章并未全面覆蓋題干信息，充分切題，但用讓步段可以將兩者兼顧。
具體如何寫(xiě)讓步段?
01
欲揚(yáng)先抑(跟支持面讓步)
欲揚(yáng)先抑是指先承認(rèn)支持面不足，稍加解釋不足之后，轉(zhuǎn)折提出整體利大于弊，或不足之處可被避免。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Technology has more positive effects than negative ones.
以本題為例，題目問(wèn)科技是否利大于弊。因?yàn)轭}目中包含了利弊兩個(gè)方面，不建議只寫(xiě)利處或弊端，可以通過(guò)讓步段兼顧題目立場(chǎng)的弊端。本題若選擇支持立場(chǎng)，可以先通過(guò)兩個(gè)主體段充分支持科技的好處，如1.科技促進(jìn)了人們之間的信息交流。2.科技給社會(huì)帶來(lái)諸多便利，省力省時(shí)。讓步段便可采用欲揚(yáng)先抑，即承認(rèn)科技有弊端，如占用過(guò)多的時(shí)間，面臨個(gè)人信息被盜的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但是較之于整體獲得的便利，這些弊端可以忽略不計(jì)。事實(shí)上，只要合理規(guī)劃時(shí)間，上網(wǎng)時(shí)注意個(gè)人信息的保護(hù)，這些弊端也可以避免。
該類(lèi)讓步思路梳理清楚后，蔡蔡給大家補(bǔ)充一些常用表達(dá)。
承認(rèn)自身不足
Admittedly / Undoubtedly / There is no denying that / It cannot be denied that/It is true that(誠(chéng)然，不可否認(rèn)的是)支持面, to some extent(一定程度上), may/possibly/probably(或許) have one or two/a couple of/minor drawbacks/defects/demerits/shortcomings(不足)
稍加解釋不足：
For instance/for example/to illustrate,...
但整體利大于弊：
However/nevertheless/nonetheless/as a matter of fact然而
Its overall merits/benefits/advantages(整體好處) far outweigh/outnumber/overshadow(遠(yuǎn)大于)its demerits/defects/disadvantages(其弊端)
但弊端可以規(guī)避：
As a matter of fact/In fact, as long as 解決方案, the so-called negative effects/consequences can be avoided.
However, the problem can be solved by …
Actually, the negative influence can be eliminated by …
02
先禮后兵(跟對(duì)立面讓步)
先禮后兵是指承認(rèn)對(duì)立面好，稍加解釋后轉(zhuǎn)折讓步：沒(méi)支持面好或者有潛在弊端
Some people believe that when busy parents do not have a lot of time to spend with their children, the best use of that time is to have fun playing games or sports. Others believe that it is best to use that time doing things together that are related to schoolwork.
以本題為例，父母應(yīng)該利用難得的親子時(shí)光陪孩子做游戲或運(yùn)動(dòng)，還是陪孩子做作業(yè)。若立場(chǎng)為支持父母陪孩子做游戲或運(yùn)動(dòng)，可以有兩點(diǎn)支持：1.陪孩子做運(yùn)動(dòng)有助于孩子放松身心壓力2.陪孩子游戲或運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)可以促進(jìn)親子交流。讓步段可以和對(duì)立面讓步，即承認(rèn)陪孩子做作業(yè)有一定好處，比如有利于孩子鞏固所學(xué)，提高學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)，但過(guò)多注重學(xué)習(xí)而忽略課外活動(dòng)會(huì)物極必反，孩子有可能變成沒(méi)有實(shí)用技能的書(shū)呆子。
同樣，簡(jiǎn)要梳理思路后，蔡蔡補(bǔ)充一些相關(guān)表達(dá)供大家參考。
承認(rèn)對(duì)立面好
Admittedly/Granted, 對(duì)立面have some merits which deserve some words here./I am not denying the significance of 對(duì)立面
稍加解釋對(duì)立面優(yōu)點(diǎn)
For instance/for example/to illustrate,...
但沒(méi)支持面好
However, compared with/in comparison with 支持面, it pales into significance.
However, its benefits are dwarfed by that of 支持面
但有潛在弊端
However, its seemingly beneficial aspects may turn out to be defective, even destructive.
However, overemphasis on 對(duì)立面 may result in some undesirable consequences.
托福寫(xiě)作中的七大語(yǔ)法規(guī)范
語(yǔ)法規(guī)范
1. 不完整的句子
(1) If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard. One of the hardest things that people do.
If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard—one of the hardest things that people do.
(2) Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world. A gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world, a gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them.
2. 分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)的錯(cuò)誤
Holding her in his arms, the moon hid behind the cloud.
As soon as the moon hid behind the cloud, he held her in his arms.
3. 修飾詞錯(cuò)位
(1) Romeo received word that Juliet was dead from another messenger.
Romeo received word from another messenger that Juliet was dead.
(2) After leaving the stage, the audience’s applause called the musicians back for an encore.
After the musicians left the stage, the audience’s applause called them back for an encore.
(3) Disruptive in the classroom, a teacher may become exasperated with hyperactive children.
Disruptive in the classroom, hyperactive children may exasperate a teacher.
4. 串句
Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization, for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance, but when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.
Unproductive or uncooperative workers can seriously harm an organization; for this reason, employers need to have accurate information about employee performance. But when employees have full access to their own personnel files, co-workers and even supervisors will often find it difficult to give frank criticism of underachievers or to report troublemakers.
5. 時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤
The researchers admitted that they falsified crucial data in the study.
The researchers admitted that they had falsified crucial data in the study.
6. 代詞錯(cuò)誤
(1) Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take it our on others.
Too often people either keep their feelings to themselves or take them our on others.
(2) Each girl and boy must do their part to keep the home fires burning.
Each girl and boy must do her or his part to keep the home fires burning.
(3) This college has their own entrance requirements.
This college has its own entrance requirements.
(4) If one wishes to participate in the political process, you can begin by voting regularly.
If one wishes to participate in the political process, one can begin by voting regularly.
(5) The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, they thought an unhappy employee might have started it.
The fire in the library was finally put out. For a while, the library staff thought an unhappy employee might have started it.
7. 結(jié)構(gòu)混亂
Because Hemingway’s style is simple makes his writing accessible to all readers.
Because Hemingway’s style is simple, his writing is accessible to all readers.
Hemingway’s simple style makes his writing accessible to all readers.
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的常用句型總結(jié)
一、提出背景的句式
It’s generally agreed that ... ... (人們普遍認(rèn)為... ...)
There is a growing body of opinion that ... ... (越來(lái)越多的人認(rèn)為... ...)
An increasing number of people have the tendency to believe that ... ... (越來(lái)越多的人傾向于認(rèn)為... ...)
Some people, especially the old, believe that ... ... (一些人，尤其是老人，認(rèn)為... ...)
Other people, the young in particular, argue that ... ... (別的人，尤其是年輕人，認(rèn)為... ...)
Some current analyses conclude that ... ... (當(dāng)下的一些分析表明... ...)
... ... is a heated topic in our times. (... ...是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代火熱的一個(gè)話題)
The topic about ... ... has been raging for decades. (關(guān)于... ...的話題已經(jīng)風(fēng)行幾十年了)
... ... is an eternal/a perpetual topic in our daily lives. (... ...是我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪幸粋€(gè)永恒的話題)
... ... is one of the most talked about topics in the contemporary society. (... ...是當(dāng)代社會(huì)討論最多的話題之一)
Recently, the impact that ... ... has had on our daily lives, in general, is huge and undeniable. (近年來(lái)， ... ...對(duì)我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹挠绊?，總的?lái)說(shuō)，是巨大且不可避免的)
With the gradual perfection and progressive amelioration of ... ..., sweeping changes have been brought into our lives. (隨著... ...的不斷完善和進(jìn)一步提高，人們的生活發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化)
In terms of ... ..., sometimes we find ourselves in dilemmas. (談到... ...時(shí)，我們有時(shí)候會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己左右為難)
二、個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的句式
I am totally convinced that ... ... (我百分百確信... ...)
I personally tend to believe that ... ... (我個(gè)人傾向于認(rèn)為... ...)
From my perspective, ... ... is without doubt a better option. (依我看，... ...毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是個(gè)更好的選擇)
According to the evidence offered above, I can hardly agree that ... ... (綜合以上證明，我很難同意... ...)
With respect to ... ..., I am pretty sure that I’m on the same/opposite side of it. (關(guān)于... ...，我很確定是站在正/反方的立場(chǎng))
Although it’s no simple task for us to make a prudent and satisfying choice, I still wholeheartedly believe that ... ... (盡管對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō)，做一個(gè)謹(jǐn)慎友令人滿意的選擇是很困難的，但是我仍然全心全意地相信... ...)
三、引出爭(zhēng)議的句式
There is no consensus on whether...yet. (關(guān)于是否該... ...，現(xiàn)在仍然沒(méi)有一個(gè)定論)
Whether...is an issue open to debate. (是否該... ...，這是一個(gè)有待討論的問(wèn)題)
Whether...is a boon or bane is still open to debate. (... ...是好是壞/是對(duì)是錯(cuò)，這有待討論)
The issue of whether…h(huán)as triggered intense debate. (是否該... ...，這個(gè)問(wèn)題引發(fā)了一個(gè)激烈的討論)
The debate over whether...has been going on for a long time. (關(guān)于... ...的討論已經(jīng)持續(xù)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了)
When it comes to ... ..., people tend to hold different viewpoints. (當(dāng)談到... ...的時(shí)候，人們傾向于持有不同的觀點(diǎn))
Most of the public tend to advocate that ... ... ,while I doubt whether the argument needs more analyses. (大多數(shù)人傾向于主張... ..., 但是我認(rèn)為這有待進(jìn)一步討論)
托福范文：電視對(duì)溝通的影響
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
【范文】The Effects of Television on Communication
There is no doubt that television has greatly changed people's lives. After its invention, it became an almost indispensable part of most households within the space of just a few years. Nowadays, many families have two or even three television sets so that every member of the family can watch what he wants whenever he wants. In my opinion, this has significantly reduced the amount of time that family and friends spend communicating with each other.
Before the invention of television, people spent their leisure time in more active and social pursuits. They often played cards or other games, listened to the radio together or went out to see friends. But now television is widely available and it offers a variety of program choices that appeal to almost every interest. People no longer have to look to others for entertainment. Also, television can be like a sedative. Studies have shown that watching a great deal of television makes people more passive. Finally, people are simply watching increasing amounts of television. And with two or three TV sets in the house, there is no need for them to even watch it together.
Although television has reduced the amount of time that family and friends spend together, it doesn't have to be this way. People can make the choice to turn off the TV and do something more active. Or, if they really want to watch TV, they can find a thought-provoking program that they would all like to watch and discuss afterwards.
【參考譯文】電視對(duì)溝通的影響
電視已經(jīng)大大地改變了人們的生活，這一點(diǎn)是毋庸置疑的。電視在其發(fā)明后的短短幾年內(nèi)幾乎成為大多數(shù)家庭中不可或缺的一部分?，F(xiàn)在許多家庭擁有兩臺(tái)甚至三臺(tái)電視機(jī)，每個(gè)家庭成員隨時(shí)可以看自己想看的節(jié)目。我認(rèn)為這樣已使得家人和朋友之間溝通的時(shí)間大為減少。
在電視發(fā)明之前，人們有空就會(huì)做一些比較積極的消遣，并進(jìn)行社交活動(dòng)。人們會(huì)經(jīng)常玩撲克牌或其他游戲，一起聽(tīng)收音機(jī)或出去拜訪朋友。但是現(xiàn)在電視很普及，有各式各樣的節(jié)目可供選擇，幾乎能讓每個(gè)人都很感興趣，于是人們便不再尋求其他的娛樂(lè)。而且，電視就好像鎮(zhèn)靜劑一樣。有研究指出，觀看大量的電視節(jié)目會(huì)讓人變得比較消極。最后，人們看電視的時(shí)間變得越來(lái)越多，而且有兩臺(tái)或三臺(tái)電視機(jī)的家庭，其家人甚至都不在一起看電視。
雖然電視已使家人和朋友之間相聚的時(shí)間變少，但這并非是必然的結(jié)果。人們可以選擇關(guān)上電視，去從事一些更積極的活動(dòng)?；蛘呷绻娴南肟措娨?，也可以找一個(gè)大家都想看的思考性節(jié)目，看完之后可以一起討論。
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托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作以退為進(jìn)的“讓步段”寫(xiě)法
