托?？忌貍渌夭模鹤黾覄?wù)的目的
托福寫作考試分為獨(dú)立寫作和綜合寫作2個部分。很多考生在考試當(dāng)中會遇到尷尬的事情就是無話可說，那么這時你積累的一些托福寫作素材可能就會幫助到你了。下面小編給大家?guī)硗懈？忌貍渌夭模鹤黾覄?wù)的目的。
托福考生必備素材：做家務(wù)的目的
Wring some meaning from work.
When we stack firewood to prepare for the upcoming winter, make a gift to celebrate a friend’s good news, or change a favorite recipe to accommodate Grandpa’s diabetes, our efforts have purpose and value. As our children participate along with us, they feel the intrinsic satisfaction of doing something that has meaning.
So many educational tasks put before our children serve no purpose other than to instruct. But when learning is connected to something truly purposeful, it can’t help but kindle motivation. Children feel honored to be included in real work that includes real challenges. If we pay attention, we see that’s just what they pretend to do when they play.
重點(diǎn)搭配和句子摘抄：
stack firewood to prepare for the upcoming winter: 為將要到來的冬天堆積柴火
make a gift to celebrate ：制作一個禮物慶祝
change a favorite recipe to accommodate Grandpa’s diabetes：為了適應(yīng)爺爺?shù)奶悄虿「淖儾俗V
participate along with us：跟我們一起參與
feel the intrinsic satisfaction of doing something：通過做_x感到內(nèi)在的滿足感
educational tasks ：教育相關(guān)的任務(wù)
serve no purpose ：沒有任何目的
when learning is connected to something truly purposeful, it can’t help but kindle motivation.
當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)跟有目的性的東西相結(jié)合的時候，就會點(diǎn)燃動力。
feel honored to ：感到驕傲
適用的題目：
Children should spend most of their time studying or playing; they shouldn't be required to help the family with household chores, such as cleaning and washing.
托福考生必備素材：一個人的旅行
Missed flights, cancelled rides and changed plans make solo travelers incredibly resilient. After grappling through the ups and downs of a solo trip, you're capable of bouncing back from pretty much anything life throws your way.
飛機(jī)誤點(diǎn)、行程取消還有計劃改變，獨(dú)自旅行者因而變得異常平靜，接受各種變化。經(jīng)歷過獨(dú)自旅行的起起伏伏，無論人生途中有何坎坷，都可以自我恢復(fù)。
Solo adventure taught me a ton about relationships and human connection. Solo traveling pushed me out of my comfort zone.
一個人旅行教了我很多有關(guān)人際關(guān)系的處理，促使我走出自己的舒適區(qū)。
Yes, safety is a concern in certain locations, and it's often pleasant to have someone to share the scenery with. But never underestimate the glory of traveling solo, because you'll learn things you can't learn any other way.
確實(shí)，有些地方的安全問題是要考慮的，同他人共享美景往往也令人愉悅。但不要低估獨(dú)自旅行的榮光，因?yàn)槟隳軐W(xué)到別處學(xué)不到的東西。
If you have the heart of an explorer, traveling alone is an excellent way to see the world on your own terms. But it can also be scary, particularly if you're a woman concerned about her safety on a solo trip to far-flung corners of the globe. Self-reliance was at the core of your being.
但如果你內(nèi)心是個探險家，那么一個人獨(dú)自旅行是看這個世界絕佳的方法。 獨(dú)自一人也可能很駭人，尤其你若是一個女孩子，獨(dú)自一人去世界遙遠(yuǎn)的角落不免擔(dān)心安全問題。依靠自己是你存在的核心。
As we 'grow up' it becomes impractical to up-and-leave. Valid reasons like job security, relationships and making rent replace our once happy-to-rough-it-for-months mentality. That’s a good thing.
我們慢慢“長大”，“說走就走”變得越來越不可行。工作安全感、人際關(guān)系和房屋租金等真切存在的理由替代了我們曾經(jīng)“快樂度日、得過且過”的思維方式。
As a solo traveler, you are more open, more willing to make friends, and share experiences with others along the way, and this reveals itself in your actions and your face. A well-considered itinerary helps me feel secure and keeps me occupied.
一個人旅行，你會變得更開明、更愿意結(jié)交朋友、更樂于和別人分享一路的游歷體驗(yàn)，這會體現(xiàn)在你的行為中，也會寫在你的臉上。
The ironic thing about traveling solo is that you're rarely ever actually alone. There's always an open seat next to you, whether you're on a plane, train, or bus, and sometimes that can lead to unwanted advances.
具諷刺意味的是，獨(dú)自旅行時你很少真正獨(dú)處。你身旁總會有一個空位，無論你在飛機(jī)、火車還是公交車上，有時還會帶你開啟一場你不曾期待的冒險。
托?？忌貍渌夭模簭V告和傳媒
1.廣告所造成的影響
正面影響
A. For customers, advertising plays an imperative part in making them aware of the worth of the product or service.
B. For business, advertising facilitates manufacturers in creating product awareness among the public.
C. Apart from commercial advertising, public service advertisement plays a vital and irreplaceable role in our society.
負(fù)面影響
A. Advertisements create stereotyped aesthetic and behavioral models that may influence people’s values early in their lives.
B. Too many advertisements are seen on TV screens and in newspapers or magazines.
C. Advertising has an overall adverse impact on children and young people. For example, children or young people often misunderstand advertising which in turn can lead to inappropriate behavior.
2.傳媒
Times have not become more violent. They have just become more televised.
The Internet is like alcohol in some sense. It accentuates what you would do anyway. If you want to be a loner, you can be more alone. If you want to connect, it makes it easier to connect.
Do you think all the news is true?
Not all the news is true. Broadsheet newspapers sometimes dig for information and twist its importance for political purposes. And news in tabloids is more sensational and contains more half-truth and biased opinions. The problem is that people everywhere confuse what they read in newspapers with news.
3.廣告
Advertising is the modern substitute for argument; its function is to make the worse appear the better.
Many a small thing has been made large by the right kind of advertising.
Advertising is a valuable economic factor because it is the cheapest way of selling goods, particularly if the goods are worthless.
托?？忌貍渌夭模嚎萍挤懂狀?/h2>
1：工業(yè)革命
Industrial Revolution:技術(shù)改變生活方式，改變女性地位，機(jī)械替代人類勞動
2：亞里士多德 Aristotle Greek philosopher
the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought
The crystal ball model of universe
在其哲學(xué)體系里，理論服從實(shí)地觀察和邏輯，以三段論為基礎(chǔ)，基本上是理性研究的理論方法博學(xué)通才與專才的關(guān)系，人類通過最初淺的觀察描述世界，不完善的物理理論仍然被相信。
3: 哥白尼 Copernicus
Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic system of astronomy。
哥白尼， 波蘭天文學(xué)家，他提出地球及其它行星繞太陽運(yùn)動的日心說，推翻了托勒密的天文學(xué)理論即地心體系。
Religion power 宗教勢力
4：Bruno 布魯諾
Burned to death in Rome Square Unlimited universe
不畏懼死亡，不服從權(quán)威，堅(jiān)持真理
Galileo 伽利略 be sent to prison
Gravitational acceleration
Telescope
Discovery of the satellite of Jupiter
邏輯思維，挑戰(zhàn)權(quán)威，為后人鋪墊，重視實(shí)驗(yàn)和想象推理的結(jié)合
5：Newton 牛頓
引力定律： Law of gravitational
受到他人思想的啟發(fā)，綜合前人思想：Hook，Galileo
微積分：Calculus 自己創(chuàng)立數(shù)學(xué)模型解決問題，不一定拘泥于前人，創(chuàng)新思想。
6：愛因斯坦
Einstein Albert 1879—1955
專利局 patent office
光電效應(yīng)： Photoelectric effect
狹義相對論：Special theory of relativity
廣義相對論：General theory of relativity
The existence of Ether
挑戰(zhàn)前人思想，實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)結(jié)合想象，科學(xué)與藝術(shù)的結(jié)合
He got his idea (inspiration) when he was playing the violin。
Criticize the quantum physics: lead to the improvement of quantum physics
批評帶來進(jìn)步
7：與量子力學(xué)相關(guān)的科學(xué)家：
Rutherford，Heisenberg，bohr，Pauli，Dirac
與生活關(guān)系不大的領(lǐng)域仍然有重大意義，世界的本質(zhì)，德國科學(xué)的發(fā)展，科學(xué)與道德Heisenberg，Harvey(synthesis ammonia gas, but devise poisonous gas in World War I)
量子力學(xué)是經(jīng)典描述世界方法(波與粒子)的結(jié)合(在經(jīng)典的理論上創(chuàng)新)
8：達(dá)爾文 Darwin
進(jìn)化論：the theory of evolution
引起爭議，重視考察，帶著目的考察，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)才能分析現(xiàn)象。
Darwin and Wallace
合作與競爭，科學(xué)與道德
9：有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)與分析的兩個天文學(xué)家：Tycho and Kepler
積累數(shù)據(jù)是第一步，理論從數(shù)據(jù)中分析而來
與之相反，現(xiàn)代量子理論一般是提出一個理論，然后設(shè)計實(shí)驗(yàn)去證明
Ex：the discovery of neutrino(中微子)
10：DNA結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)現(xiàn)：Watson and Click
不同領(lǐng)域間的交流與支持，基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科的作用，先進(jìn)的儀器設(shè)備會產(chǎn)生新的發(fā)現(xiàn)
補(bǔ)兩句名言：
巴斯德 ( Pasteur 1822-1895)一個科學(xué)家應(yīng)該想到的，不是當(dāng)時人們對他的表揚(yáng)或者辱罵，而是未來若干世紀(jì)中人們怎么評價他。
The modern scientific method is usually attributed to Galileo。
現(xiàn)代科學(xué)方法通常被認(rèn)為是伽里略創(chuàng)造的。
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