一道80%的考生都會(huì)漏選的GRE閱讀多選題
大家在做gre閱讀的多選題的時(shí)候常常會(huì)有漏選的現(xiàn)象，下面小編就給大家實(shí)例講解一下，告訴大家如何避免漏選的問(wèn)題!
一道80%的考生都會(huì)漏選的GRE閱讀多選題
閱讀-正文
Astronomers who study planet formation once believed that comets—because they remain mostly in the distant Oort cloud, where temperatures are close to absolute zero—must be pristine relics of the material that formed the outer planets.
The conceptual shift away from seeing comets as pristine relics began in the 1970s, when laboratory simulations revealed there was sufficient ultraviolet radiation reaching comets to darken their surfaces and there were sufficient cosmic rays to alter chemical bonds or even molecular structure near the surface.
Nevertheless, astronomers still believed that when a comet approached the Sun— where they could study it—the Sun’s intense heat would remove the corrupted surface layer, exposing the interior. About the same time, though, scientists realized comets might contain decaying radioactive isotopes that could have warmed cometary interiors to temperatures that caused the interiors to evolve.
Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.
Q：According to the passage, astronomers recognize which of the following as being liable to cause changes to comets?
A. cosmic rays
B. radioactive decay
C. ultraviolet radiation
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
本題絕大部分同學(xué)都能通過(guò)定位到第二句，然后選出AC;然后他們會(huì)覺(jué)得B選項(xiàng)在第四句出現(xiàn)，屬于非答案區(qū)間，所以不選。
與此同時(shí)，還有同學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)了題目問(wèn)的是 astronomers 的觀點(diǎn)，而B(niǎo)選項(xiàng)是 scientists 的觀點(diǎn)，所以也不選。
然而，本題的答案是ABC。
為什么B選項(xiàng)也對(duì)，這就是本題的難點(diǎn)。
第一，我們?cè)谡n程上強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)，可多選題的答案區(qū)間是被模糊化的，不像單選題那么具體，這是多選題本身的特點(diǎn)決定的。
第二，也是非常重要的一個(gè)考點(diǎn)，請(qǐng)大家注意到第四句 About the same time，scientists 意識(shí)到……，并沒(méi)有與前面的觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折或者反駁，而是對(duì) comets 形成的可能性的一種補(bǔ)充，所以 astronomers 也會(huì)認(rèn)同這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。
【況且，說(shuō) astronomers 就是 scientists 也沒(méi)有什么問(wèn)題】
第三，很多同學(xué)糾結(jié)的是文章最后一句的 though，認(rèn)為這是對(duì)前一句的反駁。
這個(gè)認(rèn)知本身沒(méi)啥問(wèn)題，但是需要注意的是第三句提出 astronomers 認(rèn)為彗星是從外部開(kāi)始變化，最后暴露出內(nèi)部。
而第四句說(shuō)的是由于有放射性衰變，彗星是先從內(nèi)部發(fā)生變化，然后擴(kuò)散到外部。
故而，二者其實(shí)爭(zhēng)論的是到底是內(nèi)部先變化還是外部先變化，而他們都同意存在著 radioactive decay。
GRE閱讀題目解析:亞馬遜河流域前現(xiàn)代社群
Meggers argued that agriculture depends on extracting nutrients from soils into edible crops, so premodern societies in Amazonia could never grow large because underlying soils are impoverished. In Meggers’ view the population size that a culture could reach depended upon the agricultural potential of its environment. Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts. Supporting this point, the Omagua, a riverbank people and one of the greatest chiefdoms observed by Carvajal as a member of Orellana’s expedition, regarded hinterland forests as unpopulated wilderness.
1. In the context of the passage the highlighted sentence serves to
A. explain the broader rationale for a conclusion described in the preceding sentence
B. suggest some of the drawbacks of the riverbank location of the villages described in the following sentence
C. acknowledge information that appears to undermine a description attributed to Orellana
D. introduce a principle that appears to be contradicted by the agricultural development of premodern Amazonia
E. give a reason for an upward revision in earlier estimates for premodern Amazonia
2. From the passage it can be inferred that Omagua depended on
A. overland transport to communicate between villages
B. foraging inland to obtain foodstuffs not available locally
C. some form of fertilization to boost agricultural production
D. fish and turtles for at least part of their diet
E. trade with other peoples for some raw materials
P43
1
Meggers argued that agriculture depends on extracting nutrients from soils into edible crops, so premodern societies in Amazonia could never grow large because underlying soils are impoverished.
M 指出，農(nóng)業(yè)依賴于莊稼從土壤中吸收營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，所以亞馬遜河流域的前現(xiàn)代社群永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法壯大，因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)赝寥镭汃ぁ?/p>
2
In Meggers’ view the population size that a culture could reach depended upon the agricultural potential of its environment.
在 M 看來(lái)，一種文化能滋養(yǎng)的最大人口，受其所在環(huán)境的農(nóng)業(yè)潛力約束。
3
Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts.
M 同意亞馬遜河的魚(yú)和龜作為一種食物來(lái)源，可能哺育了狹長(zhǎng)河岸地區(qū)的村落，正如探索者 O 在 1542 年描述的那樣，但她不同意 C 認(rèn)為這些定居點(diǎn)人口已經(jīng)上萬(wàn)的估計(jì)，認(rèn)為這種估計(jì)過(guò)于夸張了，她也確信內(nèi)陸地區(qū)沒(méi)有類似規(guī)模的定居點(diǎn)。
4
Supporting this point, the Omagua, a riverbank people and one of the greatest chiefdoms observed by Carvajal as a member of Orellana’s expedition, regarded hinterland forests as unpopulated wilderness.
河岸地區(qū)的 Om 族人，同時(shí)是 C 研究過(guò)的 O 長(zhǎng)途考察中最大的酋長(zhǎng)統(tǒng)領(lǐng)地區(qū)之一，認(rèn)為內(nèi)陸林地是無(wú)人活動(dòng)的荒野，這也印證了 M 的觀點(diǎn)。
(
酋長(zhǎng)領(lǐng)地 [chiefdom]
社會(huì)政治組織的形式，在此組織中一個(gè)人(或一群人)對(duì)許多群體行使政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)的權(quán)力。它意味著犧牲地方和自治團(tuán)體的利益把權(quán)力和權(quán)限集中起來(lái)。在西非或波利尼西亞建立的那些酋長(zhǎng)領(lǐng)地里，政治權(quán)威與經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)力是不可分割的，包括統(tǒng)治者索取貢賦和稅收的權(quán)利。酋長(zhǎng)領(lǐng)地頭目們的一個(gè)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)就是促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)盈余的生產(chǎn)，然后他們?cè)诟鞣N場(chǎng)合把盈余重新分配給他們的臣民。參閱社會(huì)文化演化(sociocultural evolution)。
(大英袖珍百科)
hinterland 內(nèi)陸地區(qū)，內(nèi)地，腹地)
1. In the context of the passage the highlighted sentence serves to
A. explain the broader rationale for a conclusion described in the preceding sentence
B. suggest some of the drawbacks of the riverbank location of the villages described in the following sentence
C. acknowledge information that appears to undermine a description attributed to Orellana
D. introduce a principle that appears to be contradicted by the agricultural development of premodern Amazonia
E. give a reason for an upward revision in earlier estimates for premodern Amazonia
選 A
rationale 根本原因，基本原理
2. From the passage it can be inferred that Omagua depended on
A. overland transport to communicate between villages
B. foraging inland to obtain foodstuffs not available locally
C. some form of fertilization to boost agricultural production
D. fish and turtles for at least part of their diet
E. trade with other peoples for some raw materials
選 D
讓我們根據(jù)文段對(duì) Om 做一些推測(cè)，首先 Om 出現(xiàn)在句 4：
Supporting this point, the Omagua, a riverbank people and one of the greatest chiefdoms observed by Carvajal as a member of Orellana’s expedition, regarded hinterland forests as unpopulated wilderness.
根據(jù) C 和 O 以及 M 對(duì) Om 都有涉及，我們把范圍擴(kuò)大到句 3：
Meggers accepted that fish and turtle resources of the Amazon made possible the long riverside villages the explorer Orellana described in 1542, but she dismissed as exaggerated Carvajal’s estimates of tens of thousands of people in those settlements, and she was sure those settlements did not have inland counterparts.
綜合兩部分內(nèi)容，選 D。
A 在村落間做橫跨大陸的貿(mào)易運(yùn)輸。鬼扯。
B 去內(nèi)陸收集本地沒(méi)有的食物。未知信息，文中只能判斷 Om 人認(rèn)為內(nèi)陸沒(méi)有人定居，至于他們自己去不去找食物，無(wú)法判斷。
C 用某種肥料給農(nóng)作物增產(chǎn)。哈哈，歡樂(lè)的鬼扯。
E 與其他民族或部族進(jìn)行原材料貿(mào)易。下一段。
GRE閱讀題目解析:地殼板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)
Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface. This leaves a loose end in current geological theory. Herbert Shaw argues that because scientists have underestimated the input of substantial amounts of energy from extraterrestrial impactors (asteroids and comets striking Earth), they have difficulty accounting for the difference between the quantity of energy produced from sources intrinsic to Earth and that involved in plate tectonics. Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible. Shaw’s revolutionary “open-system” view recognizes a continuum between terrestrial and extraterrestrial dynamics, whereas modern plate tectonic theory, like the classical geology developed during the nineteenth century, is founded on the view that Earth’s geological features have changed through gradual, regular processes intrinsic to Earth, without reference to unique catastrophic events. Classical geology borrowed a decisive, if unspoken, premise from Newton—the independence of Earth’s processes from any astronomical context.
1. The author’s primary purpose is to
A. identify the influences informing a particular geological theory about the processes that have shaped Earth’s surface
B. identify differences between two views of the extraterrestrial impactors and argues that the phenomenon has influenced the development of plate tectonic theory
C. argue that an explanation is based on a dubious evidence and propose an alternative explanation
D. discuss an explanation and place that explanation under theoretical context
E. suggest that apparent discrepancy poses a serious problem for a particular theory that many have believed
2. The author of the passage mentions the “continuum” in order to
A. point out a relationship between plate tectonics and the nineteenth-century geology
B. explain how a theory of Newton’s could influence geology and plate tectonic theory.
C. distinguish between two sources of energy that contributed to the development of Earth’s surface.
D. point out a similarity between the surface of impactors and the surface of Earth.
E. identify a feature of Shaw’s view that deviates from current scientific theories.
3. The passage suggests which of the following about tectonic theory?
A. It has led scientists to overlook an important contribution to classical geologists from Newton.
B. It has been more successful than was classical geology in accounting for heat loss from.
C. It is based on premise about Earth’s processes discerned in Newton’s thought.
D. It has correctly explained the effects of extraterrestrial impactors on Earth’s surface.
E. It corrects a fundamental flaw in classical geology.
P41
1
Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface.
地球核心散失的熱量以及放射性衰變本身，就能夠?yàn)樗茉斓乇硇螒B(tài)的地殼板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)提供所有能量，現(xiàn)在，許多理論學(xué)者對(duì)此提出質(zhì)疑。
2
This leaves a loose end in current geological theory.
這是當(dāng)今地質(zhì)學(xué)理論中的一個(gè)遺留問(wèn)題。
(loose end 未能解決的小問(wèn)題或小困難，某事徹底解決前的最后障礙或細(xì)節(jié)，比如 “ _ 島的歸屬問(wèn)題，是兩國(guó)邊界劃定的 loose end ”)
3
Herbert Shaw argues that because scientists have underestimated the input of substantial amounts of energy from extraterrestrial impactors (asteroids and comets striking Earth), they have difficulty accounting for the difference between the quantity of energy produced from sources intrinsic to Earth and that involved in plate tectonics.
H S 認(rèn)為，由于科學(xué)家們一直以來(lái)低估了來(lái)自地球以外的撞擊者(撞擊地球的小行星和彗星)攜帶的巨大能量，所以他們難以解釋來(lái)自地球地球內(nèi)部的能量，與板塊構(gòu)造學(xué)所涉及的能量，性質(zhì)上有什么不同。
(account for 解釋。它的主語(yǔ)可以是人，即(某人)解釋(某事或某過(guò)程);主語(yǔ)也可以是非人，即(某物)作為(某事或某過(guò)程的)原因。文中取第一種理解。)
4
Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible.
盡管多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家把地球表面遭到此類撞擊所接收的能量，視為獨(dú)立于地殼板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)的過(guò)程，但 S 堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為這些過(guò)程不是獨(dú)立的。
(bombardment 炮擊，轟炸，一連串的攻擊、詰問(wèn)
再講一次 whereas 我保證以后不講了 you have my word
這個(gè)詞，基本上是連詞界的呂布，三姓家奴，一會(huì)一個(gè)主意，你根本無(wú)法預(yù)先判斷它，它從未完成一個(gè)連詞理應(yīng)具備的預(yù)先指示功能。
它可能有如下幾種解釋：
1)although
2)while at the same time
3)while on the contrary
4)in view of the fact that / since / taking into consideration the fact that
第一種引導(dǎo)讓步條件，中間兩種可能引導(dǎo)對(duì)比關(guān)系，后一種通常引導(dǎo)(較弱的)因果關(guān)系。
回到句子，蓋住 whereas，我們能夠明確判斷的是 most geologists 和 S 的觀點(diǎn)相反，如果你認(rèn)為這是一種對(duì)比關(guān)系，可以把 whereas 理解為 while 或 while on the contrary;如果你認(rèn)為作者更偏重強(qiáng)調(diào) S 的看法，可以認(rèn)為 whereas 相當(dāng)于 although 。兩種效果差不多，我的翻譯取了后一種。
下一句中也出現(xiàn)了 whereas，不妨先忽略翻譯，試著自己判斷一下該對(duì)應(yīng)哪種解釋。)
5
Shaw’s revolutionary “open-system” view recognizes a continuum between terrestrial and extraterrestrial dynamics, whereas modern plate tectonic theory, like the classical geology developed during the nineteenth century, is founded on the view that Earth’s geological features have changed through gradual, regular processes intrinsic to Earth, without reference to unique catastrophic events.
S 提出的革命性的 “ 開(kāi)放系統(tǒng) ” 觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，內(nèi)在的與外來(lái)的動(dòng)力構(gòu)成了一個(gè)連續(xù)統(tǒng)一系統(tǒng)，而近代板塊地質(zhì)理論，比如十九世紀(jì)發(fā)展出的古典地質(zhì)學(xué)，建立在這種觀點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，即地球的地質(zhì)特征隨不斷的，有規(guī)律的地球內(nèi)部運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程而改變，與特殊的災(zāi)變事件無(wú)關(guān)。
6
Classical geology borrowed a decisive, if unspoken, premise from Newton — the independence of Earth’s processes from any astronomical context.
也許未曾明說(shuō)，但古典地質(zhì)學(xué)從牛頓(的經(jīng)典力學(xué))借用了一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的假設(shè)，地球發(fā)生的事件獨(dú)立于宇宙環(huán)境。
1. The author’s primary purpose is to
A. identify the influences informing a particular geological theory about the processes that have shaped Earth’s surface
B. identify differences between two views of the extraterrestrial impactors and argues that the phenomenon has influenced the development of plate tectonic theory
C. argue that an explanation is based on a dubious evidence and propose an alternative explanation
D. discuss an explanation and place that explanation under theoretical context
E. suggest that apparent discrepancy poses a serious problem for a particular theory that many have believed
選 B
確認(rèn)了關(guān)于外來(lái)天體撞擊的兩種觀點(diǎn)，并指出這種現(xiàn)象(撞擊)影響了板塊地殼理論的的發(fā)展。
兩種觀點(diǎn)：一種認(rèn)為外力有影響地殼板塊變化過(guò)程，一種認(rèn)為地球變化獨(dú)立于外力影響。
影響了理論發(fā)展表現(xiàn)為，十九世紀(jì)的古典地質(zhì)學(xué)不考慮外力撞擊的影響(句 5)，現(xiàn)在 many theorists 懷疑有影響(句 1)。
2. The author of the passage mentions the “continuum” in order to
A. point out a relationship between plate tectonics and the nineteenth-century geology
B. explain how a theory of Newton’s could influence geology and plate tectonic theory.
C. distinguish between two sources of energy that contributed to the development of Earth’s surface.
D. point out a similarity between the surface of impactors and the surface of Earth.
E. identify a feature of Shaw’s view that deviates from current scientific theories.
選 E
不得不說(shuō)，文章的關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)有點(diǎn)禁不起推敲。
首先看句 1：
Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface.
句 3 告訴我們 H S 是質(zhì)疑派學(xué)者的一個(gè)代表。
再看句 4：
Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible.
現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)大家思考，目前(作者寫(xiě)此文時(shí)所處的時(shí)空)到底哪種看法是地質(zhì)學(xué)在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上的主流?句 1 的 many theorists(包括 S)還是句 4 的 most geologists?
最終還是 most 比 many 大，但文章寫(xiě)成這樣，的確難免在快速閱讀中給人造成錯(cuò)覺(jué)。many 改成 some 就沒(méi)這種誤會(huì)了。希望 ETS 越來(lái)越嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。
回到題目，選 E，current scientific theories 指的就是 most geologists 的看法。
3. The passage suggests which of the following about tectonic theory?
A. It has led scientists to overlook an important contribution to classical geologists from Newton.
B. It has been more successful than was classical geology in accounting for heat loss from.
C. It is based on premise about Earth’s processes discerned in Newton’s thought.
D. It has correctly explained the effects of extraterrestrial impactors on Earth’s surface.
E. It corrects a fundamental flaw in classical geology.
選 C
關(guān)于地球表面的塑形過(guò)程，地殼理論基于牛頓所理論的想法(獨(dú)立過(guò)程)，根據(jù)句 6 。
一道80%的考生都會(huì)漏選的GRE閱讀多選題相關(guān)文章：
一道80%的考生都會(huì)漏選的GRE閱讀多選題
