英語語法獨立主格

　　獨立主格結構是由名詞或代詞加上分詞或分詞短語構成的一種獨立結構，用于修飾整個句子，而不是一個詞或詞組。接下來，小編給大家準備了英語語法獨立主格,歡迎大家參考與借鑒。

　　英語語法獨立主格

　　一、獨立主格結構的概念及基本構成形式

　　獨立主格結構(the absolute structure)是由名詞或代詞加上分詞或分詞短語構成的一種獨立結構，用于修飾整個句子，而不是一個詞或詞組。獨立主格結構中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞或分詞短語構成邏輯上的主謂關系。這種結構與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，獨立主格結構的位置相當靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號將其與主句分開。需特別注意的是，獨立主格結構與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。例如

　　1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(黑夜籠罩大地，誰也看不清遠處黑壓壓的一片是什么東西。)

　　2)He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.(他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，頭枕著左臂，直挺挺地趴伏著。)

　　3)The coward was backing,his face being deathly pale,toward another room.(那個膽小鬼向另一個房間退去，臉色煞白。)

　　獨立主格結構多用于書面語，尤其是描述性語言中，在口語和非正式文體中，一般用從句或兩個句子來代替。例如，上述例句可變?yōu)椋?/p>

　　1)Because night enshrouded the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.

　　2)He lay at full length upon his stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm.

　　3)The coward was backing toward another room.His face was deathly pale.

　　二、獨立主格結構的特殊構成形式

　　獨立主格結構除上述基本構成形式，即名詞/代詞+分詞(短語)外，還有如下特殊構成形式。

　　1.名詞+介詞短語

　　1)The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist,a bunch of flowers in his hands.(廣島市市長雙手捧著一束鮮花，邁著方步走向那個迷惑不解的記者。)

　　2)Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house,a vast load of firewood on her back.(每天下午，一個背著一大背柴禾的老婦人都會從那間東倒西歪的房屋前蹣跚著走過。)

　　2.名詞+形容詞(短語)

　　1)The Trojans asleep,the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.(特洛伊人睡著了，于是希臘士兵從中空的木馬里悄悄爬了出來。)

　　2)The wretched boy,who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks,is now sweeping1 away the snow,his hands numb2 with cold.(那個可憐的小男孩最近剛剛從森林中被抓進兵營里打掃地板，現(xiàn)在他正在掃雪，手都凍麻了。)

　　3.名詞+副詞

　　1)This little excitement over,nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast3 gaze at my mute companion.(一陣小小的興奮過后，除了再去死死地盯著我的啞伴外，別無它事可干了。)

　　2)This intermezzo over,he found himself surrounded by several stunning4,

　　porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos.(這曲子過后，他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己身處幾位穿著和服并且有著嬌好面容的日本女人的包圍之中。)

　　此外，with常常用在獨立主格結構前，構成介詞短語作狀語。這種用法中的with不表達什么意義，因而?？墒÷浴Ｕ埧蠢洌?/p>

　　1)With a revolver in his right hand, Johnny hurled5 his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash.(約翰尼右手拿著左輪手槍，健壯的身體猛撲在門上，轟隆一聲把門撞開了。)

　　2)The traffic inched along,with horns honking6.(汽車緩慢地向前挪著，喇叭聲不斷響著。)

　　三、獨立主格結構的用法

　　獨立主格結構在句中一般作狀語，表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等。

　　1.作時間狀語

　　1)My shoes removed,I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.=After my shoes were removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.(我脫掉鞋子后，走進一間屋頂很低的房間，小心翼翼地踩在柔軟的塌塌米墊子上。)

　　2)The governor pondering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.=While the governor was pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.(總督思考這個問題時，更多的罷工工人聚集在他要通過的路上。)

　　2.作條件狀語

　　1)Weather permitting,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.=If weather permits,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.(如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。)

　　2)Such being the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.=If such is the case,you have no grounds for dismissing him.(如果情況如此的話，你沒有理由解聘他。)

　　3.作原因狀語

　　1)The storm drawing near,the navvy decided7 to call it a day.=Since the storm was drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day.(由于暴風雨即將來臨，那個挖土小工決定收工。)

　　2)The Cossack being intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding8 bough9 that was the trigger.=Because the Cossack was intent on his stalking,his foot touched the protruding bough that was the trigger.(這位哥薩克人只顧專心致志地朝前大步走著，所以一只腳踩上了伸出地面的樹枝，那是一個機關的起動裝置。)

　　4.作伴隨狀語

　　1)I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the people falling back respectfully on either side.=I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,and the people fell back respectfully on either side.(我拿著車票還有我的奶酪，雄赳赳氣昂昂地跨步走向月臺。人們似乎很尊敬我，紛紛向兩邊退去。)

　　2)He would appear in the doorway10,gray fedora pulled low over his face,his eyes sweeping the room for any sign of trouble.=He would appear in the doorway.A gray fedora was pulled low over his face,and his eyes swept the room for any sign of trouble.(他常常出現(xiàn)在門廊里，一頂灰色淺頂軟呢帽遮住大半個臉，眼睛掃過整個房屋，尋找滋事的跡象。)

　　2005高考專題

　　1、邏輯主語+V-ing

　　這種構成形式內(nèi)部的邏輯主語是分詞的動作執(zhí)行者，分詞表示的動作不是整句主語發(fā)出的動作，而是其邏輯主語發(fā)出的動作。如：

　　1.__________no bus, we had to walk home.

　　A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was

　　2._______no bus, we had to walk home.

　　A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was

　　3._______Sunday, the library doesn't open.

　　A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Having been

　　4.______Sunday, the library doesn't open.

　　A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is

　　2、邏輯主語+V-ed

　　該構成形式內(nèi)部的邏輯主語是分詞的動作承受者。如：

　　1._________, the train started.

　　A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving

　　2.__________, the train started.

　　A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given

　　C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given

　　3._________, the text became easier for us to learn.

　　A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new words

　　4.______________, the text became easier for us to learn.

　　A. When new words were explained B.Explaining new words C.New words explaining D.Being explained new words

　　3、邏輯主語+形容詞(副詞)

　　該結構相當于一個未帶動詞的“主—系—表”結構。如：

　　1.___________, the patient can leave the hospital.

　　A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions

　　2._________, the patient can leave the hospital.

　　A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions

　　3.________, we’d like to go outing.

　　A.Being Sunday B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK

　　4.___________, we’d like to go outing.

　　A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C

　　5._________, you can wait a while.

　　A.The play being still on B.The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and B

　　6._________, so you can wait a while

　　A.The play is still on B.The play being still on C.As the play is still on D.The play still on

　　4、邏輯主語+介詞短語

　　該結構相當于不帶動詞的“主—系—介詞短語”結構。如：

　　1.The boy followed the nobleman here, ___________.

　　A.a sword in hand B.a sword in his hand B.Being a sword in hand D.sword in hand

　　2.The boy followed the nobleman here ___________.

　　A.with a sword in his hand B.with a sword in hand C.with a sword being in hand D.a sword being in hand

　　3.He left the office, __________.

　　A.tears being in eyes B.tears in eyes C.being tears in eyes D.with tears being in eyes

　　4.He left the office __________.

　　A.with tears being in eyes B.with tears in her eyes C.being tears in eyes D.tears being in eyes

　　二、獨立主格結構在整句中可作以下成分：

　　1、原因狀語

　　該結構在句中作原因狀語時相當于一個原因狀語從句。如：

　　1.________ no bus, we had to walk home.

　　A.There being B.As there was C.There was D.A and B

　　2._________Sunday, the library doesn't open.

　　A.It being B.As it is C.Being D.A and B

　　3.____________, I had to ask for two days’ leave.

　　A.Mother being ill B.Mother ill C.As mother was ill D. A,B and C

　　4.____________, we have to work late into the night.

　　A.The exam near B.The exam being near C.As the exam is near D. A,B and C

　　2、時間狀語

　　獨立主格結構作時間狀語時相當于一個由when, as soon as, after等引導的時間狀語從句。如：

　　1.__________, the train started.

　　A.The signal given B.After the signal was given C.Given the signal D.A and B

　　2.__________, the text became easier for us to learn.

　　A. New words explained B.When new words were explained C.When teacher explained new words D.all above

　　3、條件狀語

　　獨立主格結構作條件狀語時可以改為由if引導的條件狀語從句。如：

　　1.___________, we'll go to visit the Great Wall.

　　A.Weather permitting B.If weather permits C.If permitting D.A and B

　　2._________, the patient will recover himself soon.

　　A.If the treatment is in time B.The treatment in time C.The treatment being in time D.A,B and C

　　4、伴隨狀語

　　獨立主格結構作伴隨狀語時相當于一個介詞短語或并列謂語。如：

　　1.We have lessons every day, ___________.

　　A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above

　　2.The boy fell asleep,___________.

　　A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a cap on was on head D. all the above

　　3.Father came home,_________

　　A.a dog following him B.a dog followed him C.being followed by a dog D.all the above

　　with + 復合賓語結構常見類型及其用法

　　“with + 復合賓語”結構是指“with +賓語(名詞或代詞)+ 非謂語動詞(分詞、不定式)、介詞短語、形容詞或副詞等”所構成的一種介詞短語。該結構內(nèi)部若是動詞，則其非謂語形式的選用要注意三點：若內(nèi)部動詞表示將來(無論主動還是被動)，則用不定式;若內(nèi)部動詞表示被動且屬過去，則用過去分詞;若內(nèi)部動詞表示持續(xù)主動動作，則用現(xiàn)在分詞。該結構在句子中可以作以下幾種成分：

　　1、原因狀語

　　1.With the man ______ us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village.

　　A.To guide B.Guiding C.Guided D.To have guide

　　2.With a lot of work_____, she doesn’t have time to rest. A.to do B.to be done C.doing D.done

　　3.With the machine _____all the time, we finished harvesting crops in time.

　　A.to work B.worked C.working D.Being working

　　2、時間狀語

　　1.The street looks more beautiful with all the lights _____.A.are on B.on C.to be on D.been on

　　2.With our problem ________, we all felt happy.

　　A.to settle B.to be settled C.settled D.being settled

　　3.With his work______, the secretary began to walk home. A.to do B.doing C.done D.to be done

　　3、伴隨狀語

　　1.She left the offices with tears ________.

　　A.in her eyes B.in eyes B.being in eyes D.to be in eyes

　　2.The man found the door with both his eyes ______.

　　A.to be closed B.being closed C.closed D.closing

　　3.We felt uncomfortable with two waitresses_______.

　　A. standing11 by B.to be standing by C.stood by D.being standing by

　　4.The murderer was brought in, with his hands________.

　　A.to be tied behind B. tied behind C.tying behind D.being tied behind

　　5.You can’t see well ________.

　　A. with the glasses on B.being on the glasses C.with the glasses to be on D.with the glasses

　　4、后置定語

　　1.Do you know the man ______ a book in his hand? A.with B.having C.being D.A and B

　　2.Please offer your seat to the woman _____ a baby in her arms.A.carrying B.having C.with D.all the above

　　分詞、獨立主格和“with + 復合賓語”作狀語的區(qū)別

　　分詞結構、獨立主格結構、with + 復合賓語結構在句中均可作狀語，其區(qū)別是這樣的：

　　一、分詞在句中作狀語時句子的主語是分詞的邏輯主語，即主句主語是分詞的動作執(zhí)行者(用現(xiàn)在分詞)或動作承受者(用過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞被動式)。這種情況下的分詞短語可以改為相應的狀語從句或并列謂語。

　　分詞短語在句中常作以下狀語：

　　1、原因狀語

　　1._______late, we had to walk home. A.Being B.As we were C.We being D.A and B

　　2.______ busy, they had no time to play. A.As they were B.Being C.Because they were D.all the above

　　2、時間狀語

　　1._______ the students' homework, the teacher found a lot of mistakes.

　　A.When he was correcting C.When he corrected C.Correcting D.all the above

　　2.________by your teachers, you are supposed to be modest.

　　A.When you are praised B.Praised C.When praised D.all the above

　　3、條件狀語

　　1.______ more time, he is sure to finish his test paper. A.If he is given B.If given C.Given D.all the above

　　2._______ another chance, I'll do my job better.A.If I have B.If having C.Having D.all the above

　　4、伴隨狀語

　　1.Father came back, _______ a bag of money on his left shoulder.

　　A.carrying B.he was carrying C.and he was carrying D.all the above

　　2.Father came back, _______ by a monkey.

　　A.and he was followed B.followed C.and was followed D.all the above

　　二、獨立主格結構和with + 復合賓語結構在句子中作狀語時，這種結構內(nèi)部的分詞或介詞短語的邏輯主語不是整句的主語，即主句主語與分詞的邏輯主語不一致。如：

　　1.______, we’ll go fishing in the country.

　　A.Permitting weather B.Weather permitted C.Weather permitting D.Permitting

　　2._________, he finished playing the game of chess.

　　A.His eyes closing B.With his eyes closed C.Closing his eyes D.Closed his eyes

　　3._________, I couldn’t get the book I wanted.

　　A.Closed B.Library closed C.Closing library D.With library closing

　　三、使用分詞短語、獨立主格結構、with + 復合賓語結構分別在句子中作狀語時要注意：它們與主句之間不應有從屬連詞(如when, if, as soon as, as, while等)或并列連詞(如and, but, or, so等)。例如：

　　1.____________ the teacher told the class to go through the text

　　A.Checking the answers B.Checking the answers and C.When checking the answers and D.all the above

　　2._________a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay inside.

　　A.It being B.Being C.It was D.all the above

　　3.As_______a little sick, he remained at the clinic.

　　A.feeling B.he felt C.he felling D.all the above

　　四、在使用獨立主格結構、with +復合賓語結構、分詞結構作句子的狀語時，一定要看句子主語同這些結構的邏輯關系。

　　1、當句子主語與該狀語內(nèi)部動詞之間有邏輯上的主謂或動賓關系時，該狀語可用分詞結構或從句表示。

　　1.______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

　　A.Lost B.As he was lost C.He lost D.A and B

　　2._______for the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a thief.

　　A.Waiting B.When he was waiting C.As he was waiting D.all the above

　　2、若句子主語與狀語內(nèi)動詞之間不存在邏輯上的主謂或動賓關系且狀語內(nèi)有自已的邏輯主語。則該狀語不能用分詞結構，只能用獨立主格結構、with +復合賓語結構或從句。如：

　　1.The soldier fell asleep ___________.

　　A.with the candle burning B.burning the candle C.when he was burning the candle D.when burning the candle

　　2.__________, the Tiananmen Square looks more beautiful.

　　A.Being on B.When being on C.With all the lights on D.When it turns on all the lights

　　3.________ the notice, he had an idea.

　　A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above

　　4.________ the notice, an idea came to his mind.

　　A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above

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