托福閱讀句子改寫(xiě)要點(diǎn)精析

托福閱讀考試中，有一類(lèi)題型是句子改寫(xiě)題，如何做好這些題，下面跟小編一起來(lái)通過(guò)實(shí)例來(lái)了解一下托福閱讀句子改寫(xiě)題的解題技巧——把握作者意圖，希望對(duì)大家的托福閱讀提升有幫助

托福閱讀句子改寫(xiě)要點(diǎn)精析

通過(guò)下面具體來(lái)看二個(gè)例題，“把握作者的意圖”這樣一個(gè)原則放在重要的題型中怎么使用呢?來(lái)看個(gè)句子改寫(xiě)題，句子改寫(xiě)題就是考察你在一個(gè)句子內(nèi)部如何把握它重要的信息。但是直接給你一句話，請(qǐng)你找出它最核心的信息，這其實(shí)是很困難的。不妨換一個(gè)思路：作者這句話的目的和功能是什么?

托福閱讀提升實(shí)例精析：例1 [結(jié)果]These plants are termed opportunists because [原因]they rely on their seeds’ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.

A. Because [原因]their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, [結(jié)果]dandelions are classified as opportunists.

B. [結(jié)果]Dandelions are called opportunists because [原因]they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy.

C. The term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants.

D. The term opportunists apply to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes.

你發(fā)現(xiàn)原句中有個(gè)because，就知道這句話是在解釋?zhuān)囟ㄓ幸蛴泄?。我們先去找因和果。結(jié)果是這些植物被稱(chēng)為機(jī)會(huì)主義者，原因是它們依賴(lài)種子掉進(jìn)一個(gè)環(huán)境，后面說(shuō)這個(gè)環(huán)境里競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的植物已經(jīng)被移除了，即沒(méi)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的環(huán)境。對(duì)句子稍做整理后變成，因?yàn)樗鼈円蕾?lài)自己的種子掉進(jìn)一個(gè)沒(méi)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的環(huán)境，所以這些植物被稱(chēng)為機(jī)會(huì)主義者。

有同學(xué)會(huì)問(wèn)，后面的such as要怎么處理。一般我們有個(gè)原則，在句子當(dāng)中如果是補(bǔ)充的信息，那很重要;如果是重復(fù)的信息，應(yīng)該是不重要的。所以看such as只要明白一點(diǎn)，它到底給前面的什么內(nèi)容舉例?？蠢拥膬?nèi)容，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)說(shuō)的都是地方，說(shuō)明是給setting舉例，那么就可以把它放在一邊。

于是，我們明白作者原句的意圖是在解釋有因果的關(guān)系，那么四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中正確的答案必定在邏輯關(guān)系和講話的意圖上和原句是一樣的。發(fā)現(xiàn)A、B、C、D中只有A和B是有因果的，再進(jìn)一步看具體的內(nèi)容，可知A的原因和結(jié)果都與原句一致，為正確選項(xiàng)。

托福閱讀提升實(shí)例精析：例2 [轉(zhuǎn)折前]Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, [轉(zhuǎn)折后]under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

A. Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region’s climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.

B. Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.

C. Because of the region’s present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer.

D. Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.

這個(gè)題目原句中有一個(gè)but unfortunately，說(shuō)明這句話前后有一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，那么它最核心的意義是作者前后表示的不同。

看轉(zhuǎn)折前：aquifer地下蓄水層還有足夠的水來(lái)填滿休倫湖。雖然我們不知道休倫湖有多大，但你明白作者的意圖是說(shuō)水很多。

轉(zhuǎn)折后：在這個(gè)半干旱的條件下，補(bǔ)充率很小。Amounting to后面給出補(bǔ)充率的數(shù)字，是重復(fù)內(nèi)容不重要。

所以明確轉(zhuǎn)折前說(shuō)水量大，轉(zhuǎn)折后說(shuō)補(bǔ)充率小。然后我們看四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，正確答案一定在邏輯關(guān)系的表達(dá)上是跟But屬于同一個(gè)范疇。A有despite，表示轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步;B有although，讓步;C有個(gè)因果，原文沒(méi)有存在因果;D有even表示讓步。所以在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中我們會(huì)優(yōu)先考慮A、B、D這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

仔細(xì)看A選項(xiàng)，despite后的內(nèi)容表示水量大，和原句轉(zhuǎn)折前相同;而逗號(hào)后的內(nèi)容表示補(bǔ)充率小，和原句轉(zhuǎn)折后相同。所以A是正確選項(xiàng)。

以上用這二道題來(lái)跟大家介紹了理解作者的意圖在句子改寫(xiě)中怎么應(yīng)用。其實(shí)說(shuō)白了就是你要明白作者講一句話它的意圖是什么，而意圖就是由這些邏輯關(guān)系體現(xiàn)的。這里我建議大家記四類(lèi)邏輯范疇。

第一類(lèi)，因果和條件結(jié)果在一起，即這兩類(lèi)邏輯關(guān)系可以相互替換。

第二類(lèi)是轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步、比較、對(duì)比。這個(gè)大家比較好理解，可能當(dāng)中比較麻煩的是比較。舉個(gè)例子，你跑得快，但我跑得更快。這是轉(zhuǎn)折，可以改成比較：我跑得比你快。

第三類(lèi)是并列、類(lèi)比。類(lèi)比是like A and B，表示A和B差不多。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，我打了你，and我打了他，可以改成我打了你and他。所以類(lèi)比和并列也可以在一起考慮。

第四類(lèi)，如果沒(méi)有上述明顯的邏輯關(guān)系，你就可以考慮其他。所謂其他就是由謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞體現(xiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系。

這四類(lèi)邏輯關(guān)系教給大家，希望在做句子改寫(xiě)題時(shí)你通過(guò)這樣的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)判斷四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的優(yōu)先級(jí)。這些就是托福閱讀句子改寫(xiě)題的解題方法之一，希望對(duì)大家托福備考有幫助。

托福閱讀TPO29第3篇:The History of Waterpower

【1】Moving water was one of the earliest energy sources to be harnessed to reduce the workload of people and animals. No one knows exactly when the waterwheel was invented, but irrigation systems existed at least 5,000 years ago, and it seems probable that the earliest waterpower device was the noria, a waterwheel that raised water for irrigation in attached jars. The device appears to have evolved no later than the fifth century B.C., perhaps independently in different regions of the Middle and Far East.

【2】The earliest waterpower mills were probably vertical-axis mills for grinding corn, known as Norse or Greek mills, which seem to have appeared during the first or second century B.C. in the Middle East and a few centuries later in Scandinavia. In the following centuries, increasingly sophisticated waterpower mills were built throughout the Roman Empire and beyond its boundaries in the Middle East and northern Europe. In England, the Saxons are thought to have used both horizontal and vertical-axis wheels. The first documented English mill was in the eighth century, but three centuries later about 5,000 were recorded, suggesting that every settlement of any size had its mill.

【3】Raising water and grinding corn were by no means the only uses of the waterpower mill, and during the following centuries, the applications of waterpower kept pace with the developing technologies of mining, iron working, paper making, and the wool and cotton industries. Water was the main source of mechanical power, and by the end of the seventeenth century, England alone is thought to have had some 20,000 working mill. There was much debate on the relative efficiencies of different types of waterwheels. The period from about 1650 until 1800 saw some excellent scientific and technical investigations of different designs. They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency, the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. (They also proved that, in principle, the overshot wheel, a type of wheel in which an overhead streamof water powers the wheel, should win the efficiency competition.)

【4】But then steam power entered the scene, putting the whole future of waterpower in doubt. An energy analyst writing in the year 1800 would have painted a very pessimistic picture of the future for waterpower. The coal-fired steam engine was taking over, and the waterwheel was fast becoming obsolete. However, like many later experts, this one would have suffered from an inability to see into the future. A century later the picture was completely different: by then, the world had an electric industry, and a quarter of its generating capacity was water powered.

【5】The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable series of scientific discoveries and development in electrotechnology during the nineteenth century, but significant changes in what we might now call hydro (water) technology also played their part. In 1832, the year of Michael Faraday’s discovery that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field, a young French engineer patented a new and more efficient waterwheel. His name was Nenoit Fourneyron, and his device was the first successful water turbine. (The word turbine comes from the Latin turbo: something that spins). The waterwheel, unaltered for nearly 2,000 years, had finally been superseded.

【6】Half a century of development was needed before Faraday’s discoveries in electricity were translated into full-scale power stations. In 1881 the Godalming power station in Surrey, England, on the banks of the Wey River, created the world’s first public electricity supply. The power source of this most modern technology was a traditional waterwheel. Unfortunately this early plant experienced the problem common to many forms of renewable energy: the flow in the Wey River was unreliable, and the waterwheel was soon replaced by a steam engine.

【7】From this primitive start, the electric industry grew during the final 20 years of the nineteenth century at a rate seldom if ever exceeded by any technology. The capacity of individual power stations, many of them hydro plants, rose from a few kilowatts to over a megawatt in less than a decade.

托福閱讀TPO29試題第3篇:The History of Waterpower

1.The word "harnessed" in the passage(paragraph 1)is closest in meaning to

A.known.

B.depended on.

C.recognized.

D.utilized.

2.In paragraph 1, uncertainty is expressed about all of the following aspects of the early development of waterpower EXCEPT

A.when exactly the very first waterpower devices were invented.

B.when exactly the very first waterpower devices were developed.

C.whether water was one of the earliest sources of power to be used by humans.

D.whether the very earliest waterpower devices arose independently.

3.According to paragraph 2, what was true of the waterpower mills built throughout the Roman Empire?

A.Most had horizontal-axis wheels.

B.Their design was based on mills that had long been used in Scandinavia.

C.Their design was more popular beyond the Empire's boundaries than it was within the Empire.

D.They are more advanced than the mills used in the Middle East at an earlier time.

4.The phrase "the application of waterpower" in the passage (paragraph 3)is closest in meaning to

A.the uses to which waterpower was put.

B.the improvement made to waterpower.

C.the method by which waterpower was supplied.

D.the source of waterpower available.

5.According to paragraph 4, which of the following was discovered as a result of scientific and technical investigations of waterpower conducted between 1650 and 1800?

A.Some types of small waterwheel can produce as much horsepower as the very largest wheels.

B.Waterwheels operate more efficiently when water falls away from their blades slowly than when water falls away quickly.

C.Waterwheel efficiency can be improved by increasing the amount of kinetic energy water contains as it passes over a waterwheel's blades.

D.Unlike other types of waterwheels, the overshot wheel is capable of producing more than 60 horsepower units of energy.

6.The word "pessimistic" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.negative.

B.unlikely.

C.surprising.

D.incomplete.

7.The term "by then" in the passage refers to

A.by the time steam power entered the scene.

B.by the year 1800.

C.by the year 1900.

D.by the time waterwheel was becoming obsolete.

8.According to paragraph 5, why did waterpower become more importantly by 1900?

A.Better waterwheel designs improved the efficiency of waterpower.

B.Waterpower was needed to operate steam engines.

C.Waterpower was used to generate electricity.

D.Waterwheels became more efficient than coal-powered engines.

9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 5? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.The growth of the electric-power industry stimulated significant changes in hydro technology and scientific progress in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century.

B.The changes in hydro technology that led to the growth of the electric-power industry also led to discoveries and developments in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century.

C.Advances in electrotechnology in the nineteenth century and changes in hydro technology were responsible for the growth of the electric-power industry.

D.In the nineteenth century, the scientific study of electrotechnology and hydro technology benefited greatly from the growth of the electric-power industry.

10.The word "unaltered" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.unimproved.

B.unequaled.

C.unchanged.

D.unsatisfactory.

11.The discussion of the history of electric power production in paragraph 6 supports which of the following?

A.1832 marked the beginning of the industrial production of electric power.

B.Turbines using Benoit Fourneyron's design were eventually used to generate electric power.

C.Benoit Fourneyron quickly applied Michael Faraday's discovery about electric fields to acquire a pattern for a new and more efficient waterwheel.

D.Practical advances in hydro technology were more important to the development of electric power than were advances in the theoretical understanding of electricity.

12.According to paragraph 7, what problem did the early power station in the town of Godalming in Surrey, United Kingdom, face in providing electricity?

A.The traditional waterwheel is used was not large enough to meet the demand for energy.

B.The flow of the River Wey, on which the power station depended, was unreliable.

C.The operators of the Godalming power station had little experience with hydro technology.

D.The steam engine that turned the waterwheel was faulty and needed to be replaced.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? The steam engine that turned the waterwheel was faulty and needed to be replaced.

Raising water and grinding corn were by no means the only uses of the waterpower mill, and during the following centuries, the applications of waterpower kept pace with the developing technologies of mining,iron working,paper making,and the wool and cotton industries. Water was the main source of mechanical power, and by the end of the seventeenth century, England alone is thought to have had some 20,000 working mill. There was much debate on the relative efficiencies of different types of waterwheels. ■【A】The period from about 1650 until 1800 saw some excellent scientific and technical investigations of different designs. ■【B】They revealed output powers ranging from about 1 horsepower to perhaps 60 for the largest wheels and confirmed that for maximum efficiency,the water should pass across the blades as smoothly as possible and fall away with minimum speed, having given up almost all of its kinetic energy. ■【C】(They also proved that, in principle, the overshot wheel, a type of wheel in which anoverhead stream of water powers the wheel, should win the efficiency competition.) ■【D】

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Ever since the development of waterwheel, which occurred no later than 500 B.C., people have used moving water as a source of power.

A.The first water-powered machines were probably used to grind corn, and as technology advanced, waterwheels were used as the main source of power in many industries.

B.In the late nineteenth century an electric power station in England began using water power from a nearby river, creating a dependable source of power that quickly replaced the steam engine.

C.In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, design improvements I waterwheels led to discoveries of how to increase their efficiency and power output.

D.Almost every large town in England had a waterpower mill, allowing England to become the world's leader in industries that depended on water for their power.

E.Waterpower mills were probably invented about the same time in the Middle East and Scandinavia and then spread to England by about the second century B.C..

F.After declining in importance in the early 1800's, waterpower came back into demand by the end of the century as a means to power electric plants and water turbines.

托福閱讀TPO29答案第3篇:The History of Waterpower

1.這個(gè)單詞后面出現(xiàn)了to，表目的或作用，整句話的意思就是水資源被用于減輕人和動(dòng)物的勞動(dòng)。所以很容易推出文中單詞harnessed是使用的意思，因此選擇D。

2.這個(gè)題可以看著選項(xiàng)到原文照對(duì)應(yīng)點(diǎn)，A對(duì)應(yīng)原文第二句，正確，不選。B對(duì)應(yīng)雖然沒(méi)有直接在原文中提到，但是也可以有這層意思，可以作為待定選項(xiàng)。但看到C之后就可以排除B了，因?yàn)镃和原文第一句有了直接沖突，因此選擇C。D對(duì)應(yīng)這段的最后一句(出現(xiàn)了perhaps)。

3.根據(jù)Throughout the roman empire定位到原文紅色標(biāo)注位置，對(duì)于waterpower mill的修飾是increasingly sophisticated也就是更復(fù)雜，更先進(jìn)。因此選擇D。

4.這里的application指的是水力資源的應(yīng)用，也就是作用。因此選擇A水利的用處。

5.通過(guò)scientific and technical investigation定位到紅色標(biāo)注部分，后面幾句就是調(diào)查的結(jié)果了，原文說(shuō)輸出的功率從1-60馬力不等，水流越smooth，下落越慢，效率就越高。英雌，A選項(xiàng)，原文沒(méi)提到。B選項(xiàng)正確。C. water contain的動(dòng)能并不能改變，而是要盡可能的使其含有的動(dòng)能釋放出來(lái)。D提到了overshot wheel，對(duì)應(yīng)本段最后一句。但是原文并沒(méi)說(shuō)這種輪就能輸出高于60馬單位的能量。

6.根據(jù)前面一句，有了蒸汽動(dòng)力以后，水力資源就被put in doubt了。因此后面修飾水力資源利用前景的一定是一個(gè)負(fù)面的詞。因此選擇A，負(fù)面的。B是不相似的，C是令人吃驚的，D是不完整的。

7.因?yàn)榍拔奶岬皆?800年，水力資源利用衰敗，by then的前半句說(shuō)a century later，因此應(yīng)該是一百年以后，也就是1900年。

8.這段第一句就指出了電力發(fā)展，然后又說(shuō)水利能源的重大改變促進(jìn)了電力發(fā)展。因此符合C選項(xiàng)。

9.原文句子的邏輯關(guān)系是，electrotechnology和 changes in water growth 共同促進(jìn)了electric power 工業(yè)。A邏輯關(guān)系完全反了。B混亂的。D與A邏輯相似。因此選擇C。

10.Unaltered是一成不變的，這道題A是一個(gè)迷惑選項(xiàng)。但是unaltered并沒(méi)有進(jìn)步，改良的那層意思。因此C更合適。

11.上一段說(shuō)Benoit Fourneyron的發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)發(fā)明turbine得以應(yīng)用。通過(guò)turbine就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)電了。

12.通過(guò)Godalming定位。往后閱讀之后出現(xiàn)了unfortunately的轉(zhuǎn)折，也就是要說(shuō)遇到的問(wèn)題了。"："后面就是答案了。所以選B。

13.要插入的句子說(shuō)要resolve disagreement。而這段的第一句就說(shuō)很多debate。那么插到第一個(gè)空里正合適。

14.A正確，對(duì)應(yīng)原文第二段第一句。B錯(cuò)誤。原文說(shuō)英國(guó)的居住點(diǎn)不管大小，都有自己的mill。對(duì)應(yīng)原文第二段最后一句。C錯(cuò)誤。原文說(shuō)的是river的水流不穩(wěn)定，結(jié)果很快被steam engine取代了。對(duì)應(yīng)原文倒數(shù)第二段最后兩句。D錯(cuò)誤，對(duì)應(yīng)原文第一段，原文說(shuō)沒(méi)人知道water mill是什么時(shí)候發(fā)明的。而且后半句時(shí)間也不對(duì)。E正確，對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四段。F對(duì)應(yīng)原文第五段最后一句，和第六段。

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