劍橋雅思閱讀解析8(test2)

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　劍橋雅思閱讀8原文(test2)

　　READING PASSAGE 1

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

　　Sheet glass manufacture:

　　the float process

　　Glass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (℃) this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning. This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly unblemished, with a 'fire finish'. However, the process took a long time and was labour intensive.

　　Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously. The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.

　　The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington. This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600℃), but could not boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500℃). The best metal for the job was tin.

　　The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface. Once the glass cooled to 604℃ or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers. The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin. By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six-millimetre glass.

　　Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company ￡100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.

　　Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes — melting, refining, homogenising — take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures. It adds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.

　　The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. However, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.

　　Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.

　　Questions 1-8

　　Complete the table and diagram below.

　　Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.

　　Early methods of producing flat glass

　　Method Advantages Disadvantages

　　1............

　　? Glass remained

　　2........... ? Slow

　　? 3.............

　　Ribbon

　　? Could produce glass sheets of varying 4.............

　　? non-stop process ? Glass was 5...........

　　? 20% of glass rubbed away

　　? Machines were expensive

　　圖片11

　　Questions 9-13

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

　　In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

　　9 The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties.

　　10 Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.

　　11 Pilkington’s first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.

　　12 The process invented by Pilkington has now been improved.

　　13 Computers are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.

　　READING PASSAGE 2

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.

　　Question 14-17

　　Reading passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.

　　Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D-F from the list of headings below.

　　Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

　　List of Headings

　　i Predicting climatic changes

　　ii The relevance of the Little Ice Age today

　　iii How cities contribute to climate change.

　　iv Human impact on the climate

　　v How past climatic conditions can be determined

　　vi A growing need for weather records

　　vii A study covering a thousand years

　　viii People have always responded to climate change

　　ix Enough food at last

　　Example Answer

　　Paragraph A Viii

　　14 Paragraph B

　　Example Answer

　　Paragraph C V

　　15 Paragraph D

　　16 Paragraph E

　　17 Paragraph F

　　THE LITTLE ICE AGE

　　A This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate — as opposed to weather — as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionised human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.

　　B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.

　　C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations, we are close to a knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.

　　D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.

　　E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.

　　F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.

　　Questions 18-22

　　Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.

　　Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.

　　Weather during the Little Ice Age

　　Documentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of conditions in the distant past are 18...........and 19.................. We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20.............. , rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, other of 21...............and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 22................with no rain at all.

　　A climatic shifts B ice cores C tree rings

　　D glaciers E interactions F weather observations

　　G heat waves H storms I written accounts

　　Questions 23-26

　　Classify the following events as occurring during the

　　A Medieval Warm Period

　　B Little Ice Age

　　C Modern Warm Period

　　Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.

　　23 Many Europeans started farming abroad.

　　24 The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.

　　25 Europeans discovered other lands.

　　26 Changes took place in fishing patterns.

　　READING PASSAGE 3

　　You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.

　　Questions 27-32

　　Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F.

　　Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

　　Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

　　List of Headings

　　i The difficulties of talking about smells

　　ii The role of smell in personal relationships

　　iii Future studies into smell

　　iv The relationship between the brain and the nose

　　v The interpretation of smells as a factor in defining groups

　　vi Why our sense of smell is not appreciated

　　vii Smell is our superior sense

　　viii The relationship between smell and feelings

　　27 paragraph A

　　28 paragraph B

　　29 paragraph C

　　30 paragraph D

　　31 paragraph E

　　32 paragraph F

　　The meaning and power of smell

　　The sense of smell, or olfaction, is powerful. Odours affect us on a physical, psychological and social level. For the most part, however, we breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin to realise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-being

　　A A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.

　　B Odours are also essential cues in social bonding. One respondent to the survey believed that there is no true emotional bonding without touching and smelling a loved one. In fact, infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by scent. In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people. Most of the subjects would probably never have given much thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register.

　　C In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped. While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognise thousands of smells, and to perceive odours which are present only in extremely small quantities.

　　D Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon. Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist. ‘It smells like…,’ we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either capture or store them over time. In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with descriptions and recollections. This has implications for olfactory research.

　　E Most of the research on smell undertaken to date has been of a physical scientific nature. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered. Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two — one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air. Other unanswered questions are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by odours, and how smells can be measured objectively given the non-physical components. Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell is inevitably set to play an increasingly important role for researchers.

　　F However, smell is not simply a biological and psychological phenomenon. Smell is cultural, hence it is a social and historical phenomenon. Odours are invested with cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of, and model for, interacting with the world. Different smells can provide us with intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the value that we attach to these experiences is interiorised by the members of society in a deeply personal way. Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures. The study of the cultural history of smell is, therefore, in a very real sense, an investigation into the essence of human culture.

　　Questions 33-36

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

　　Write the correct letter in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

　　33 According to the introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell when

　　A we discover a new smell.

　　B we experience a powerful smell.

　　C our ability to smell is damaged.

　　D we are surrounded by odours.

　　34 The experiment described in paragraph B

　　A shows how we make use of smell without realising it.

　　B demonstrates that family members have a similar smell.

　　C proves that a sense of smell is learnt.

　　D compares the sense of smell in males and females.

　　35 What is the write doing in paragraph C?

　　A supporting other research

　　B making a proposal

　　C rejecting a common belief

　　D describing limitations

　　36 What does the write suggest about the study of smell in the atmosphere in paragraph E?

　　A The measurement of smell is becoming more accurate.

　　B Researchers believe smell is a purely physical reaction.

　　C Most smells are inoffensive.

　　D Smell is yet to be defined.

　　Questions 37-40

　　Complete the sentences below.

　　Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

　　37 Tests have shown that odours can help people recognise the.......... belonging to their husbands and wives.

　　38 Certain linguistic groups may have difficulty describing smell because they lack the appropriate ................ .

　　39 The sense of smell may involve response to................ which do not smell, in addition to obvious odours.

　　40 Odours regarded as unpleasant in certain.................are not regarded as unpleasant in others.

　　劍橋雅思閱讀8原文參考譯文(test2)

　　PASSAGE 1 參考譯文：

　　玻璃板制造：浮法工藝

　　早在美索不達(dá)米亞時(shí)期和古埃及時(shí)期人們就開(kāi)始制造玻璃，當(dāng)時(shí)制作出的玻璃只不過(guò)是沙子、碳酸鈉和石灰的混合物而已。該混合物被加熱到約1500攝氏度時(shí)會(huì)變成熔質(zhì)，慢慢冷卻后會(huì)硬化。最早成功制出透明、平整的玻璃的工藝中包括旋制法。該制法非常有效，因?yàn)椴Ａг谟绍涀冇驳倪^(guò)程中不會(huì)接觸任何表面，因此可以一直保持完美無(wú)瑕的狀態(tài)，最后通過(guò)“火處理”收尾。然而，該過(guò)程耗時(shí)很長(zhǎng)，而且要耗費(fèi)大量的勞動(dòng)力。

　　盡管如此，人們對(duì)平整玻璃的需求很高，全世界的玻璃制造者都在尋找可以連續(xù)制造玻璃的方法。第一個(gè)連續(xù)帶式工藝過(guò)程是用兩個(gè)高溫滾軸擠壓熔化的玻璃——類(lèi)似老式的軋板機(jī)。該工藝可以連續(xù)不斷地制造幾乎各種厚度的玻璃，但是滾軸會(huì)在玻璃板的兩面都留下痕跡，這就需要對(duì)玻璃進(jìn)行打磨和拋光。這一過(guò)程會(huì)磨去約20%的玻璃，而且所用的機(jī)器也很昂貴。

　　Alistair Pilkington發(fā)明了浮法玻璃制造工藝。該制法可以用來(lái)制造用于建筑物上的透明、有色的加膜玻璃，也可以為車(chē)輛提供透明的有色玻璃。Pilkington 一直在反復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)，研究如何改良熔化工藝。在1952年，他萌生了用熔化金屬作基床加工玻璃板的想法，有了這樣的金屬液槽，就可以徹底淘汰滾軸了。該金屬的熔點(diǎn)必須低于玻璃的硬化溫度(約600攝氏度)，但同時(shí)沸點(diǎn)要高于熔化玻璃的溫度(約1500攝氏度)。最符合這些條件的金屬是錫。

　　實(shí)現(xiàn)這一想法的另一個(gè)條件就是重力。重力可以保證熔化金屬的表面完全平整且水平。因此，把熔化的玻璃澆在熔錫上時(shí)，玻璃的下表面也會(huì)完全平整。如果玻璃能夠保持足夠的高溫，它就會(huì)在熔錫上慢慢流動(dòng)，直到其上表面也平整、水平，并與下表面完全平行。一旦將玻璃冷卻至604攝氏度或更低，玻璃就會(huì) 硬化到表面不會(huì)被刮花的程度，這樣就可以通過(guò)滾軸將其運(yùn)送到冷卻槽了。玻璃和錫的表面張力相互作用會(huì)使成形的玻璃板的厚度穩(wěn)定在6毫米。幸運(yùn)的巧合是，當(dāng)時(shí)市場(chǎng)對(duì)玻璃板的需求有60%是6毫米玻璃板。

　　1953年，Pilkington建立了一個(gè)試點(diǎn)工廠。到1955年為止，他已經(jīng)說(shuō)服他的公司建立成套的工業(yè)裝置。然而，他們經(jīng)過(guò)14個(gè)月的不間斷生產(chǎn)且每個(gè)月花費(fèi)10萬(wàn)英鎊，才在廠里首次生產(chǎn)出可用的玻璃。而且，他們在成功生產(chǎn)出能投人市場(chǎng)的玻璃之后，就將機(jī)器關(guān)閉了，為的是在接下來(lái)幾年能夠持續(xù)生產(chǎn)。當(dāng)機(jī)器再次投人生產(chǎn)時(shí)，又花了四個(gè)月的時(shí)間來(lái)使生產(chǎn)流程走上正軌。1959年，他們終于成功了。如今浮法制玻工廠遍布全球，每一個(gè)工廠都能夠15年不間斷地日產(chǎn)玻璃千噸。

　　今天的浮法制玻工廠可以生產(chǎn)出接近光學(xué)質(zhì)量的玻璃。在容納了2000噸熔化玻璃的熔爐內(nèi)，同時(shí)進(jìn)行著多個(gè)程序——溶化、精煉、均質(zhì)化。這些過(guò)程發(fā)生在由高溫驅(qū)動(dòng)的熔化玻璃流的不同區(qū)域，并匯總成為一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)50小時(shí)的無(wú)間斷熔煉過(guò)程，向金屬液槽平穩(wěn)、連續(xù)地提供玻璃。接著玻璃會(huì)被送往加膜區(qū)，最后會(huì)被送達(dá)熱處理區(qū)——該區(qū)域能夠緩釋玻璃內(nèi)部在冷卻過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力。

　　自20世紀(jì)50年代以來(lái)，浮法制玻的原理不曾改變過(guò)。然而，玻璃制品卻經(jīng)歷了巨大變化：從之前單一的6.8毫米玻璃板到如今的亞毫米級(jí)至25毫米區(qū)間任意厚度的玻璃板;從之前很容易被內(nèi)含物和氣泡損毀的玻璃帶到如今接近光學(xué)完美的玻璃。為了保證最高質(zhì)量，每一個(gè)生產(chǎn)階段都有監(jiān)察。偶爾，在精煉過(guò)程中也會(huì)有一個(gè)氣泡未被排出，一顆沙粒沒(méi)有熔化，或是液錫的波動(dòng)導(dǎo)致玻璃帶產(chǎn)生波紋等情況。自動(dòng)的在線監(jiān)察有兩項(xiàng)任務(wù)：一是向上游(生產(chǎn)前階段)報(bào)告生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中可以修正的紕漏。監(jiān)察技術(shù)可以在玻璃帶上實(shí) 現(xiàn)每秒超過(guò)一億次的測(cè)量，以定位肉眼無(wú)法辨認(rèn)的瑕疵;二是讓下游(生產(chǎn)后階段)計(jì)算機(jī)操控刀具切割掉有瑕疵的部分。

　　浮法玻璃是按平方米出售的。在生產(chǎn)的最后階段，計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)根據(jù)顧客的需求設(shè)計(jì)玻璃的裁割方案，以實(shí)現(xiàn)浪費(fèi)的最小化。

　　TEST 2 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：

　　小冰期

　　A.本書(shū)詳細(xì)討論了小冰期和其他氣候變化，但是在我開(kāi)始部分之前，我要向大家提供一個(gè)相關(guān)的歷史背景。我們傾向于認(rèn)為氣候是不變的(與天氣正好相反)。然而，人類(lèi)自存在之日起就一直受到氣候變化的支配——過(guò)去的73萬(wàn)年間至少出現(xiàn)過(guò)八次冰河期。自從大約一萬(wàn)年前的上一次大冰河期的末期開(kāi)始，我們的祖先就憑借非凡的投機(jī)手段適應(yīng)著普遍存在卻并不規(guī)律的全球變暖。他們制定了各種策略，以便在周期性的大干旱、連綿數(shù)十年的暴雨或罕見(jiàn)的低溫環(huán)境中存活;他們發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)給人類(lèi) 的生活帶來(lái)了革命;他們?cè)诎＜?、美索不達(dá)米亞和美洲大陸建立了世界上最早的前工業(yè)化文明。但是，氣候驟變帶來(lái)的惡果——饑荒、瘟疫和苦難，往往十分嚴(yán)重。

　　B.小冰期大致從公元1300年持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)中期。僅兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以前，歐洲遭遇了周期性的嚴(yán)冬，瑞士阿爾卑斯山脈的高山冰川的高度達(dá)到史上最低，冰島周?chē)Ｄ瓯桓”h(huán)繞。小冰期的氣候活動(dòng)不僅在塑造現(xiàn)代地球環(huán)境方面發(fā)揮了作用，也為如今史無(wú)前例的全球變暖現(xiàn)象提供了溫床。然而，小冰期遠(yuǎn)非一個(gè)深度冰凍期，它實(shí)際上是由大氣與海洋之間復(fù)雜難解的相互作用引起的、持續(xù)期普遍短于25年的一系列不規(guī)則氣候劇變的集合。這樣的起伏波動(dòng)先是帶來(lái)周期性的嚴(yán)冬和東風(fēng)，然后又突然轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌掷m(xù)數(shù)年的春季暴雨、夏季早雨、暖冬和頻繁的大西洋風(fēng)暴，抑或周期性干旱、輕東北風(fēng)和酷暑熱浪。

　　C.重構(gòu)過(guò)去的氣候變化極其困難，因?yàn)橄到y(tǒng)的天氣觀測(cè)僅僅在幾個(gè)世紀(jì)之前才始于歐洲和北美洲。印度和熱帶非洲的記錄開(kāi)始得更晚。至于有記錄之前的年代，我們只有“代理記錄”——大部分根據(jù)樹(shù)木的年輪和冰芯(的數(shù)據(jù))重建，并輔之以少量不完整的手寫(xiě)記錄。如今，我們擁有幾百份樹(shù)木年輪的記錄，遍布北半球和赤道以南的很多地區(qū);我們還從南極洲、格陵蘭島、秘魯安第斯及其他地區(qū)鉆得的冰芯中得到了越來(lái)越多的溫度數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)該記錄進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充。我們很快就要掌握北半球大部600前年的年度冬夏溫度變化了。

　　D.本書(shū)講述了過(guò)去10個(gè)世紀(jì)間氣候變化的歷史，還介紹了歐洲人為了適應(yīng)氣候變化所采用的一些方法。第一部分描述了中世紀(jì)暖期，大致從公元900年持續(xù)到1200年。在這三個(gè)世紀(jì)中，古斯堪的納維亞的航海者們從歐洲北部出發(fā)探索北海，在格陵蘭島定居，并探訪了北美大陸。當(dāng)時(shí)的氣候就像大冰河期之后的所有時(shí)期一樣，并非始終如一的暖期：雨量和溫度經(jīng)歷著持續(xù)的變化。當(dāng)時(shí)歐洲的平均溫度和現(xiàn)在差不多，可能稍低一點(diǎn)。

　　E.眾所周知，大約從公元1200年起，格陵蘭島和北極開(kāi)始降溫，小冰期到來(lái)。由于北極浮冰向南擴(kuò)散，古斯堪的納維亞向西的航海路線變更至開(kāi)放的大西洋，然后一切航行都終止了。北大西洋和北海的風(fēng)暴增加。1315年至1319年間，更冷更潮濕的天氣降臨歐洲大陸，成千上萬(wàn)的人死于橫掃整個(gè)大陸的饑荒。到了1400年，天氣明顯變得更加難以預(yù)測(cè)，狂風(fēng)暴雨的幾率大增，間或出現(xiàn)氣溫急轉(zhuǎn)直下，在16世紀(jì)末的幾十年寒期時(shí)降到谷底。在那些正在興起的城鎮(zhèn)里，食品供應(yīng)向來(lái)重要，而魚(yú)類(lèi)是至關(guān)重要的商品。鱈魚(yú)干和鯡魚(yú)干已成為歐洲魚(yú)類(lèi)貿(mào)易的主要產(chǎn)品，但是水溫的變化迫使?jié)O船駛向更加遠(yuǎn)離海岸的海域。巴斯克人、荷蘭人和英國(guó)人最先造出了能夠適應(yīng)在寒冷、多風(fēng)暴的大西洋中航行的離岸漁船。在人口增加時(shí)期，對(duì)食物供應(yīng)的關(guān)心導(dǎo)致了北歐漸進(jìn)的農(nóng)業(yè)革命。這次革命帶來(lái)了集中的商業(yè)耕種，以及為了種植動(dòng)物飼料而在非農(nóng)作物用地上進(jìn)行的土地開(kāi)墾。農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量的提高使得部分國(guó)家能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)糧食和家畜的自給自足，為抵制饑荒提供了有效保障。

　　F.1850年以后，全球溫度開(kāi)始逐漸上升，拉開(kāi)了現(xiàn)代暖期的序幕。一大批歐洲居民——從渴求土地的農(nóng)民，到不堪愛(ài)爾蘭馬鈴薯饑荒(由馬鈴薯枯萎病引起)的饑民——移居到了北美、澳大利亞、新西蘭和非洲南部。1850年至1890年間，由于集中式歐洲農(nóng)耕法傳遍全球，數(shù)百萬(wàn)公頃的森林和林地毀于拓荒者的斧下。前所未有的大規(guī)模開(kāi)荒使得巨量的二氧化碳被排人大氣，并引起第一次人為的全球變暖。到了20世紀(jì)，由于礦物燃料的使用激增、溫室氣體量的持續(xù)增加，氣溫攀升的速度進(jìn)一步加快。尤其是20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)，升溫的速度加劇。小冰期被一種新的氣候變化模式取代，其顯著特點(diǎn)是長(zhǎng)期、穩(wěn)定的升溫。與此同時(shí)，極端天氣，如五級(jí)以上的颶風(fēng)，正變得更加頻繁。

　　TEST 2 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：

　　嗅覺(jué)的意義和力量

　　對(duì)氣味的感覺(jué)，或嗅覺(jué)，是十分強(qiáng)大的。氣味在生理、心理和社會(huì)層面均對(duì)我們產(chǎn)生影響。然而，在大多數(shù)情況下，我們吸入周?chē)臍馕秴s并不自覺(jué)它們對(duì)我們的重要性。只有當(dāng)嗅覺(jué)因某種原因受損而失靈時(shí)，我們才開(kāi)始意識(shí)到嗅覺(jué)在我們的幸福感中扮演的重要角色。

　　A.—項(xiàng)由Anthony Synott在蒙特利爾的Concordia大學(xué)開(kāi)展的調(diào)查要求參與者評(píng)價(jià)一下嗅覺(jué)在他們的生活中的重要性。很明顯，嗅覺(jué)能夠喚起強(qiáng)烈的情感回應(yīng)。某種和愉快經(jīng)歷相關(guān)的氣味會(huì)帶來(lái)欣喜之感;污濁的氣味或與糟糕經(jīng)歷有關(guān)的氣味則可能讓人惡心得面部扭曲。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查的應(yīng)答者們覺(jué)察到自身很多對(duì)嗅覺(jué)的好惡都基于情感聯(lián)系。這樣的聯(lián)系在強(qiáng)到一定程度時(shí)，會(huì)讓大眾普遍不喜歡的氣味變得令特定個(gè)體愉快，也會(huì)讓大眾公認(rèn)為芬芳的氣味變得讓特定個(gè)體討厭。因此，對(duì)于氣味的感知不單單包括對(duì)其本身的感覺(jué)，也包括對(duì)與其相關(guān)的經(jīng)歷和情感的認(rèn)知。

　　B.氣味是社會(huì)聯(lián)系的重要線索。一位接受調(diào)查的人認(rèn)為，如果不去觸碰和嗅聞你所愛(ài)的人或物，那么你們之間就沒(méi)有建立起真正的情感聯(lián)系。事實(shí)上，嬰兒在出生后不久后就會(huì)辨識(shí)母親的氣味，成人也往往可以通過(guò)氣味辨認(rèn)自己的孩子或伴侶。在一項(xiàng)著名的測(cè)試中，被測(cè)女性和男性都能夠僅通過(guò)氣味在相同的衣物中區(qū)分自己的配偶穿過(guò)的衣服和其他人穿過(guò)的衣服。大部分被測(cè)者在參加測(cè)試之前，很有可能從來(lái)都沒(méi)有意識(shí)到氣味也能成為辨認(rèn)家庭成員的線索。然而正如試驗(yàn)所揭示的，就算沒(méi)有這樣的意識(shí)，氣味仍然會(huì)給人留下印象。

　　C.盡管嗅覺(jué)對(duì)我們的情感和感知生活都很重要，但它可能在很多文化中仍是最不受重視的官能。嗅覺(jué)遭受輕視的原因常常被歸結(jié)為：相對(duì)于十分重視嗅覺(jué)功能的動(dòng)物而言，人類(lèi)的嗅覺(jué)功能較弱而且不發(fā)達(dá)。雖然人類(lèi)的嗅覺(jué)確實(shí)不如某些動(dòng)物的那樣杰出，但是仍然相當(dāng)敏銳。我們的鼻子能夠分辨成千上萬(wàn)種氣味，也可以感知極微量的氣味。

　　D.然而，嗅覺(jué)是種非常難以捉摸的現(xiàn)象。氣味與色彩不同，例如，在很多種語(yǔ)言中都很難給氣味進(jìn)行命名，這是因?yàn)樘囟ǖ脑~匯根本不存在。我們想要描述某種氣味時(shí)，只能說(shuō)“它聞起來(lái)像……”，絞盡腦汁地表達(dá)我們的嗅覺(jué)感受。氣味也無(wú)法記錄：沒(méi)有有效的方法能夠捕獲或長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地保存氣味。在嗅覺(jué)的領(lǐng)域，我們只能勉強(qiáng)依賴描述和回憶，這就涉及對(duì)嗅覺(jué)的研究。

　　E.迄今為止進(jìn)行的多數(shù)關(guān)于嗅覺(jué)的研究都具有物理科學(xué)性質(zhì)。對(duì)于氣味的生化組成的了解已有了重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)，但是很多基本問(wèn)題仍未得到解答。研究者們還需要判斷嗅覺(jué)到底是一種還是兩種感覺(jué)種感覺(jué)回應(yīng)氣味本身，另一種感覺(jué)記錄空氣中無(wú)味的化學(xué)成分。其他未解的問(wèn)題包括鼻子是否唯一受氣味影響的身體器官，以及如何客觀地測(cè)量無(wú)形的氣味。這樣的問(wèn)題意味著對(duì)于研究者來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)嗅覺(jué)心理學(xué)的興趣勢(shì)必起到越來(lái)越重要的作用。

　　F.然而，嗅覺(jué)并不只是一種生物學(xué)和心理學(xué)現(xiàn)象。嗅覺(jué)具有文化屬性，因此也是一種社會(huì)學(xué)和歷史學(xué)現(xiàn)象。嗅覺(jué)被賦予了文化價(jià)值：在有些文化中具有冒犯意味的氣味到了其他文化中可能就變得可以為人所接受了。因此，我們的嗅覺(jué)是與世界進(jìn)行互動(dòng)的手段和模式。不同的氣味能為我們提供私人的、感情充沛的經(jīng)歷，我們賦予這些經(jīng)歷的價(jià)值又會(huì)被社會(huì)成員以極個(gè)人的方式吸納。重要的是，我們對(duì)氣味所持有的共同感受能夠幫助我們區(qū)分自身與其他文化群體。因此，對(duì)于氣味的文化歷史研究確實(shí)是深入人類(lèi)文化本質(zhì)的鉆研。

　　TEST 3 PASSAGE 1 參考譯文：

　　用激光回?fù)糸W電

　　很少有比雷暴天氣更令人感到恐怖的天氣了。僅在美國(guó)，猛烈的雷暴電流每年都會(huì)造成大約500人死亡或重傷。云層翻滾而來(lái)的時(shí)候，在戶外打一場(chǎng)輕松的高爾夫成了一件異常可怕的事情，無(wú)異于是在拿自己的性命開(kāi)玩笑——孤身一人在戶外的高爾夫球手可能是閃電最喜歡攻擊的目標(biāo)。此外，閃電也會(huì)帶來(lái)財(cái)產(chǎn)損失。每年閃電會(huì)對(duì)美國(guó)電力公司造成超過(guò)一億美元的損失。

　　不過(guò)，美國(guó)和日本的研究人員正在策劃回?fù)糸W電的方案。他們已開(kāi)始通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試中和雷暴電荷的各種方法。今年冬天，他們將直面雷暴：使用配備的激光器射向空中的雨云，使其在閃電出現(xiàn)之前放電。

　　迫使雨云根據(jù)指令釋放閃電并非一個(gè)新想法。早在20世紀(jì)60年代早期，研究者們就嘗試過(guò)把帶著拖曳線的火箭射入雨云，以期為這些云層發(fā)出的龐大的電荷群搭建起便捷的放電路徑。由于受到建在加利福尼亞的電力研究所(EPRI)的支持，這一技術(shù)在佛羅里達(dá)的州立大學(xué)試驗(yàn)基地幸存到了今天。EPRI由電力公司資助，現(xiàn)正致力于研究保護(hù)美國(guó)輸電網(wǎng)不受閃電襲擊的方法?！拔覀兛梢酝ㄟ^(guò)火箭讓閃電擊向我們想讓它去的地方，”EPRI的閃電項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理Ralph Bernstein如此說(shuō)道。該火箭基地現(xiàn)在能對(duì)閃電電壓進(jìn)行精確測(cè)量，并可以讓工程師們檢測(cè)電氣設(shè)備的負(fù)載。

　　不良行為

　　雖然火箭在研究中功不可沒(méi)，但它們無(wú)法提供閃電來(lái)襲時(shí)所有人都希求的保護(hù)。每支火箭造價(jià)大約 1,200美元，發(fā)射頻率有限，而失敗率卻高達(dá)40%。即使它們確實(shí)能夠引發(fā)閃電，事情也無(wú)法總是按計(jì)劃順利進(jìn)行?！伴W電可不那么聽(tīng)話”，Bernstein說(shuō)，“它們偶爾會(huì)走岔路，射到它們本不該去的地方。”

　　但不管怎樣，有誰(shuí)會(huì)想在人口密集的地區(qū)發(fā)射成群的火箭呢? “射上去的肯定會(huì)掉下來(lái)，”新墨西哥大學(xué)的Jean-Claude Diels指出。Diels現(xiàn)在正在負(fù)責(zé)一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，該項(xiàng)目由ERPI所支持，試圖通過(guò)發(fā)射激光使閃電安全放電——安全是一項(xiàng)基本要求，因?yàn)闆](méi)人愿意把他們自己的性命或他們的昂貴設(shè)備置于危險(xiǎn)之中。有了迄今為止的50萬(wàn)美元的投入，一套有巨大潛力的系統(tǒng)裝置正在該實(shí)驗(yàn)室慢慢成形。

　　這一系統(tǒng)裝置的想法始于大約20年前，當(dāng)時(shí)正在開(kāi)發(fā)大功率激光器從原子中提取電荷并生成離子的能力。如果激光器能夠生成一條直達(dá)暴雨云的離子線，就可以在閃電電場(chǎng)增強(qiáng)為一股無(wú)法控制的涌流并擊破空氣之前，用這條傳導(dǎo)通道把電荷引導(dǎo)到地面上來(lái)。為了防止激光器本身受到電擊，不能把它直接對(duì)準(zhǔn)云層，而是要把它對(duì)準(zhǔn)一面鏡子，讓激光通過(guò)鏡子折射向天空。要在靠近鏡子的四周布置閃電傳導(dǎo)器從而對(duì)其進(jìn)行保護(hù)。理想的做法是，云層遙控器(槍)要比較廉價(jià)，以便能夠把它們安裝在所有重點(diǎn)電力設(shè)備周?chē)?另外還要方便攜帶，以便在國(guó)際運(yùn)動(dòng)賽事場(chǎng)地中用于使逐漸聚積的雨云失去威力。

　　絆腳石

　　可是，仍存在巨大的絆腳石。激光器并不方便攜帶：它是個(gè)能占據(jù)整個(gè)房間的龐然大物。Diels一直想要縮小它的體積，并表示很快就會(huì)有小型桌子大小的激光器了。他計(jì)劃在明年夏天用真正的雨云來(lái)實(shí)際測(cè)試這個(gè)更容易操作的激光系統(tǒng)。

　　Bernstein表示，Diels的激光系統(tǒng)正在引起各電力公司的廣泛興趣。但他們還沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備好EPRI提出的500萬(wàn)美元——開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)讓激光器更小巧、價(jià)格也更便宜的商用系統(tǒng)的所需資金。Bernstein說(shuō)：“我還不能說(shuō)我已經(jīng)拿到錢(qián)了，但是我正在為之努力?！彼J(rèn)為，即將進(jìn)行的實(shí)地測(cè)試會(huì)成為一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)，而且他也在期待著好消息。Bernstein預(yù)言，如果一切順利，這將吸引“排山倒海般的興趣和支持”。他希望看到云層遙控器的最終價(jià)格能定在每臺(tái)5萬(wàn)到10萬(wàn)美元之間。

　　其他科學(xué)家也能從中受益。如果手上有了控制閃電的“開(kāi)關(guān)”，材料科學(xué)家就可以了解強(qiáng)大的電流遇到物質(zhì)時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生什么現(xiàn)象。Diels也希望看到“互動(dòng)氣象學(xué)”問(wèn)世——不僅僅是預(yù)測(cè)天氣，而且能控制天氣?！叭绻覀兡苁乖茖臃烹?，我們也許就能左右天氣，”他說(shuō)。

　　而且也許，Diels說(shuō)，我們將能夠?qū)挂恍┢渌臍庀笸{?！拔覀冋J(rèn)為我們也許能通過(guò)引導(dǎo)閃電來(lái)阻止冰雹，”他說(shuō)。雷，來(lái)自于閃電的沖擊波，被認(rèn)為是大暴雨——典型的雷暴天氣——的觸發(fā)器。一個(gè)激光雷工廠可以把水汽從云層中震出，這樣也許可以阻止威脅莊稼的大冰雹的形成。如果運(yùn)氣好的話，在今年冬天雨云聚積的時(shí)候，持有激光器的研究者們就能第一次對(duì)其進(jìn)行回?fù)袅恕?/p>

　　劍橋雅思閱讀8原文解析(test2)

　　Passage1

　　Question 1

　　答案： spinning

　　關(guān)鍵詞： method

　　定位原文: 第1段第3句“The first successful method for…”

　　解題思路: 此題的較容易?？崭裰兴钤~應(yīng)為 method的名稱(chēng)。通過(guò) The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning 可知本題答案為 spinning。

　　Question 2

　　答案： (perfectly) unblemished

　　關(guān)鍵詞： glass , remained

　　定位原文：第1段倒數(shù)第2句“...so it stayed perfectly unblemished,...”

　　解題思路：此題的定位詞被同義轉(zhuǎn)述為stayed。所以此題填：(perfectly) unblemished。

　　Question 3

　　答案： labour- intensive

　　關(guān)鍵詞： disadvantages, slow

　　定位原文：第1段最后1句“However, the process took a long...”

　　解題思路：由題目中的 disadvantages 找到文章中表示意思與上文相反或相對(duì)的強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折詞 However。同時(shí) 根據(jù) slow 判斷本題需填入與之并列的形容詞。通過(guò)第一段最后一句可確定本題答案為 labour-intensive。

　　Question 4

　　答案： thickness

　　關(guān)鍵詞： ribbon, varying

　　對(duì)應(yīng)原文：第2段第3句“This allowed glass of virtually…”

　　解題思路：此題通過(guò)Ribbon可以定位到第二段，其中 Advantage部分集中在第三句;文中any對(duì)應(yīng)題中varying。所以此題填：thickness。

　　Question 5

　　答案： marked

　　關(guān)鍵詞： disadvantages, 20%

　　定位原文：第2段倒數(shù)第2句“...but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked,...”

　　解題思路：此題通過(guò)20%定位于對(duì)應(yīng)句之后的那一句，按照順序原則找到對(duì)應(yīng)處中的glass?？崭裰兴钤~應(yīng)為glass的狀態(tài)。所以此題填：marked。

　　Question 6

　　答案: (molten) glass

　　關(guān)鍵詞: Pilkington, float process

　　定位原文: 第3段第3句“Pilkington had been experimenting…”

　　解題思路：由圖可知本題需填入進(jìn)入 melting zone 的指代某種液體的名詞。由原文 when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin 可知本題答案為 (molten) glass。

　　Question 7

　　答案： (molten)tin/metal

　　關(guān)鍵詞： Pilkington, float process

　　定位原文：第3段第3句“Pilkington had been experimenting with…”

　　解題思路：空格中所填詞為在glass下面的物質(zhì),文中對(duì)應(yīng)句里bed —詞對(duì)應(yīng)其位置。所以此題填：(molten) tin/metal。

　　Question 8

　　答案: rollers

　　關(guān)鍵詞: Pilkington, float process

　　定位原文: 第3段第3句“Pilkington had been experimenting with…”

　　解題思路: 空格中所填詞為glass兩側(cè)滾動(dòng)裝置的名稱(chēng)。所以此題填：rollers。

　　Question 9

　　答案: TRUE

　　關(guān)鍵詞: metal, float process

　　定位原文: 第3段倒數(shù)第2句“The metal had to melt…”

　　解題思路：本句指出：該金屬的熔點(diǎn)必須低于玻璃的硬化溫度(約600攝氏度)，但同時(shí)沸點(diǎn)要高于熔化玻璃的溫度(約1500攝氏度)。文中對(duì)應(yīng)句確實(shí)提到了該金屬熔點(diǎn)上的特性。故此題答案為： TRUE。

　　Question 10

　　答案: NOT GIVEN

　　關(guān)鍵詞： Pilkington, plant

　　定位原文：第5段第1句“Pilkington built a pilot plant…”

　　解題思路: 文中對(duì)應(yīng)句僅提到公司給該車(chē)間投資，未提及Pilkington本人是否投資。故此題答案為NOT GIVEN。

　　Question 11

　　答案: FALSE

　　關(guān)鍵詞: Pilkington’s first full- scale plant

　　定位原文: 第5段倒數(shù)第3句到最后一句“Furthermore, once they succeeded in making…”

　　解題思路: 由第 2 句句首的強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折詞 However 可知,情況向相反的方向發(fā)生變化。此后的句子則具體說(shuō)明成功路上的各種阻礙,在最后一句中看到最終取得成功的時(shí)間是 1959 年,與題目中表述 instant commercial success 相反。

　　Question 12

　　答案： TRUE

　　關(guān)鍵詞： process, now

　　定位原文：第7段第1句“The principle of float…”

　　解題思路：由題目中now一詞定位至文章第六段第 1 句,本段的內(nèi)容是 process improved 的具體表現(xiàn)。所以題目表述與原文相符,表述正確。

　　Question 13

　　答案： TRUE

　　關(guān)鍵詞： computers, humans

　　定位原文：第7段第3句“To ensure the highest…”

　　解題思路：本題考查比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。文中inspection是由電腦執(zhí)行的，且能確保最高的質(zhì)量，說(shuō)明人在這方面確實(shí)不如電腦。故此題答案為：TRUE。

　　Test 2 Passage2

　　Question 14

　　答案: ii

　　關(guān)鍵詞: 根據(jù)段落選擇，無(wú)題干關(guān)鍵詞

　　定位原文: B段第1句“The Little Ice Age…”

　　解題思路: 本段第3句說(shuō)“小冰河期的氣候不僅僅是幫助形成了現(xiàn)今的世界”,原文中的 modern world 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng) ii 中的 today，小冰期大致從公元1300年持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)中期，且整段話就是在描述小冰期對(duì)于現(xiàn)在的一些影響。因此答案為ii。

　　Question 15

　　答案: vii

　　關(guān)鍵詞: 根據(jù)段落選擇，無(wú)題干關(guān)鍵詞

　　定位原文: D段第1句“This book is a narrative…”

　　解題思路: the past ten centuries 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng) vii 中的 a thousand years，文章中 a narrative history of climatic shifts 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng) vii 中的 study, D段首句強(qiáng)調(diào)，該書(shū)的內(nèi)容是對(duì)1000年來(lái)氣候變化的描述以及歐洲人的適應(yīng)方式。因此答案為vii。

　　Question 16

　　答案： ix

　　關(guān)鍵詞：根據(jù)段落選擇，無(wú)題干關(guān)鍵詞

　　定位原文： E段最后1句“The increased productivity…”

　　解題思路: E段末句指出，部分國(guó)家在糧食和家畜方面的自給自足為抵制饑荒提供了有效保障。因此答案為ix。

　　Question 17

　　答案： iv

　　關(guān)鍵詞：根據(jù)段落選擇，無(wú)題干關(guān)鍵詞

　　定位原文： F段第1、2句“Global temperatures began to…”

　　解題思路： F段首句和次句指出，全球氣溫的上升引起了大規(guī)模的人口遷徙，隨后描述了其對(duì)氣候變化的影響。因此答案為iv。

　　Question 18 & Question 19

　　答案: B C (in either order)

　　關(guān)鍵詞： documentation of past weather conditions, sources, distant past

　　定位原文： C段第2句“For the time before…”

　　解題思路: 此題定位較難，在C段中掃描到第2句結(jié)束才會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)past的反義詞recent, 但也說(shuō)明從其后開(kāi)始就是答案的出處。空格中所填詞應(yīng)為對(duì)于過(guò)去氣候認(rèn)識(shí)的來(lái)源。

　　Question 20

　　答案： A

　　關(guān)鍵詞： consistent freezing

　　定位原文： B段第5句“The Little Ice Age was far from a deep…”

　　解題思路：此題定位很難，出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的亂序。定位詞對(duì)應(yīng)B段定位句中的deep freeze?？崭裰兴钤~應(yīng)與consistent freezing的意思相反(rather than)。故此題答案為A。

　　Question 21

　　答案： H

　　關(guān)鍵詞： cold winters, heavy rain

　　定位原文： B段最后1句“The seesaw brought…”

　　解題思路：此題按照順序原則較易定位?？崭裰兴钤~應(yīng)與heavy rains形成并列。故此題答案為H。

　　Question 22

　　答案： G

　　關(guān)鍵詞： yet, no rain at all, cold winters

　　定位原文： B段最后1句“The seesaw brought…”

　　解題思路: 此空所填詞為with no rain所修飾的對(duì)象，其對(duì)應(yīng)文中的droughts。通過(guò)掃讀剩余選項(xiàng)以及文中的對(duì)應(yīng)句，很容易得到答案。故此題答案為G。

　　Question 23

　　答案： C

　　關(guān)鍵詞： Europeans, farming abroad

　　定位原文： F段內(nèi)容“...with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others,... ”

　　解題思路：此題定位較易，根據(jù)定位詞很容易找到對(duì)應(yīng)段落，可知本題描述的是Modern Warm Period。故此題答案為C。

　　Question 24

　　答案: C

　　關(guān)鍵詞: cutting down of trees

　　定位原文: F段第3句“Millions of hectares of forest…”

　　解題思路：砍伐樹(shù)林開(kāi)始影響氣候。此題定位較容易，定位句指出，數(shù)百萬(wàn)公頃的森林和林地毀于拓荒者的斧下，并引起第一次人為的全球變暖。且此段整段均在談?wù)揗odem Warm Period。故此題答案為C。

　　Question 25

　　答案： A

　　關(guān)鍵詞： Europeans, discovered, other lands

　　定位原文：D段第2、3句“Part One describes the…”

　　解題思路：此題定位較易，在定位的第二句中指出，古斯堪的納維亞的航海者們從歐洲北部出發(fā)探索北海，在格陵蘭島定居，并探訪了北美大陸。故此題答案為A。

　　Question 26

　　答案： B

　　關(guān)鍵詞： changes, fishing patterns

　　定位原文：E段倒數(shù)第4句“The Basques, Dutch,…”

　　解題思路：此題定位后需要略讀的內(nèi)容較多，但是通過(guò)fishing還是較易定位。文中指出，巴斯克人、荷蘭人和英國(guó)人最先造出了能夠適應(yīng)在寒冷多風(fēng)暴的大西洋中航行的離岸漁船。故此題答案為B。

　　Test 2 Passage 3

　　Question 27

　　答案： viii