托福閱讀推理題解題思路
托福閱讀中的推理題是很多同學(xué)害怕的題型，下面小編就帶你找一些方法去攻略它。
托福閱讀之推理題備考方法
一、 推理題的標(biāo)志
推理題的題干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等詞，分為有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題兩大類。
二、 推理題的做法
對于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索的，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個選項的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。
對于有共性的推理題，也就是題干中有線索的，建議考生可以先圈定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。推理題主要有下列思路：
1. 一般對比推理
ETS設(shè)計推理題的手段不多，根據(jù)兩個事物的對比特征出題是其中之一。問其中一個事物的特征時，只要將與之形成對比的另一個事物的特征否定掉就可以了。
例如：
It should be obvious that cetaceans, whales, porpoises, and dolphins are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
B. There were great numbers of them.
C. They lived in the sea only.
D. They did not leave many fossil remains.
2. 時間對比推理
這種思路常被考到。在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個時間段的特征時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A) families were larger.
(B) population statistics were unreliable.
(C) the population grew steadily.
(D) economic conditions were bad.
3.集合概念推理
集合概念推理也可以稱之為百分比推斷，它指的是在一個集合中，包含兩個相對的方面，共同構(gòu)成一個大的集合。一方所占的比例減少意味著另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味著另一方所占比例的減少。根據(jù)這一思路，可以由集合中一方的數(shù)量變化推斷另一方的消減。
例：
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.
What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
(A) They value folk cultures.
(B) They have no social classes.
(C) They have popular cultures.
(D) They do not value individualism.
以上就是托福閱讀推理題的做法，大家可以根據(jù)題干標(biāo)志圈定托福閱讀推理題的范圍，然后運用本文中的技巧，一舉搞定推理題!
托福閱讀：淺談推理題中的類比邏輯關(guān)系
很多同學(xué)最近一直和我抱怨，托福閱讀中的推理題好難啊，很多題目的正確選項在文中都找不到，說好的忠于原文，說好的不用多想，不用為作者分憂解難呢?這時候我會偷笑，因為你們碰到的是細(xì)節(jié)題的升級版本—─推理題!我們平時在閱讀教學(xué)中一直和同學(xué)強(qiáng)調(diào)，閱讀要忠于原文，不要大開腦洞，所有答案均出現(xiàn)在原文中。唯獨有一種題目即推理題，需要學(xué)生不僅在文中找到相關(guān)依據(jù)，還要根據(jù)這個依據(jù)走一步推理的過程，才能得出答案。
今天就想和大家分享一下閱讀推理題中涉及到的一種邏輯推理關(guān)系 — 類比關(guān)系，此類邏輯關(guān)系一般出現(xiàn)在對比類的文段中。即文章中出現(xiàn)A,B兩個比較對象， A與B有相同特征，于是我們可以根據(jù)A的特證來推斷B也有相同的特征。舉個例子：像小明一樣，小紅愛吃西瓜，于是乎我們可以從這句話里推斷出不僅小紅愛吃西瓜，小明也愛吃。接下去，我們就來看看這種邏輯關(guān)系在推理題中的應(yīng)用。
Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles.
What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1?
A . They are considered by some to be reptiles.
B. Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.
C .They are distantly related to leatherback turtles.
D .They can swim farther than leatherback turtles.
這道題目，題干問我們根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容我們可以對鯨魚作出何種推斷，于是乎我們根據(jù)解題技巧快速回到文中搜索定位詞whales, 找到以下這句話 ”the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle.” 這句話告訴我們leatherback turtle更像爬行的whales, 雖然此句沒有直接提到whales的特征，但我們可以根據(jù)剛剛提到的類比關(guān)系做一步邏輯推斷啊。既然leatherback turtle很像whales, 那么leatherback turtle的特征也應(yīng)該就是whales的特征，因此我們只要找到leatherback turtle的描述信息即可發(fā)現(xiàn)whales的特征。原文最后一句話提到， leatherback turtle會游到寒冷的南北海洋并且有特殊的處理冰水的能力。于是乎我們可以得出whales也有相同特征。答案對應(yīng)B選項。
再來看一道稍難的題目吧
Buck rubs also have a scent. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication. Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. The presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.
What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?
A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.
B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to covey information about their identity.
C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.
D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.
此題問我們，根據(jù)第四段我們可以對trumpeting of bull elk做出怎樣的推斷。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞trumpeting of bull elk我們快速找到原文最后一個單詞。既然是出現(xiàn)在文章的最后位置，那我們只好去往前推了。而前句又提到了一個我們非常熟悉的邏輯關(guān)系—─類比關(guān)系。來看這句話 The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.這句話告訴我們buck rub發(fā)出的olfactory signal和trumpeting of bull elk發(fā)出的auditory signal有相同的社會作用。根據(jù)前文我們知道buck rub可以反映年長雄鹿在鹿群里的社會地位。于是乎我們便可以做進(jìn)一步推理，即trumpeting of bull elk也應(yīng)該有相似地功能。
我想，只要我們的同學(xué)能夠熟練掌握這種邏輯推理方法，將來一定可以避免在做這類推理題時常常出現(xiàn)的無從下手的困境。
托福閱讀：推斷題的解題方法
你還在害怕做推斷題嗎?
調(diào)查：你認(rèn)為哪種題目最難
托福閱讀中的推斷題一直是考生心理的陰影和恐懼，尤其是“推斷”兩個字，瞬間會讓大家聯(lián)想到柯南, 福爾摩斯之類帶有懸疑色彩的東西。據(jù)對所帶的學(xué)生進(jìn)行的調(diào)查，提到哪種閱讀題型最難做，將近50%的學(xué)生把票投給了推斷題。
毋庸置疑，推斷題一定有一定的難度所在，這點我們從托?？荚嚬俜街改?og)的改變上就可發(fā)現(xiàn)一些端倪。第三版og上，推斷題的考查數(shù)量為0-2題，第四版og已經(jīng)增加到1-3題，ets的用(yin)意(mou)所在可見一斑。
那么，我們改如何應(yīng)對推斷題呢?推斷題真的像我們想象的這么難么?
今天我們一起來從考查形式上來解刨一下推斷題。
題干特征：推斷題的題干經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)infer,suggest,imply, indicate這類單詞
考查形式主要分為兩大類：對比推斷和細(xì)節(jié)推斷，而后者出現(xiàn)的幾率更大。
考查形式一：對比推斷
A時間對比：一般有兩個形成對比的時間點，它們所具有的特征一般相反。如：原文會出現(xiàn)before1990的信息，而題目會問after 1990的信息?
解決方案：收集問題對應(yīng)的時間點的信息，然后取反。
注意原文中出現(xiàn)的表示時間節(jié)點的詞 before, after, not…until…
例題
The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture-of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. “Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward,” observed an English visitor in 1817, during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the west reached a peak in the 1830’s, whereas in 1810 only a seventy of the American people lived west of the Appalachian mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton.
○They were able to sell their produce at high prices.
○They had not been successful in raising cattle.
○They did not operate in a national market economy.
答案D
對應(yīng)關(guān)鍵句：After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
B直接對比：兩個或多個事物的特征——如原文會出現(xiàn)A的特點，然后會有B和A相比較的信息，然后題目問B的特點?
解決方案：收集題干所問的推斷對象(about后面的信息一般為推斷對象)的全部信息(一般為上述的B)，然后在原文所描述的與之相關(guān)的信息(一般為上述的A)的基礎(chǔ)之上取反。
注意原文中出現(xiàn)的表示對比的關(guān)系詞：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas,on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等詞。
例題
Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales, porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
○There were great numbers of them.
○They lived in the sea only.
○They did not leave many fossil remains.
答案A
對應(yīng)關(guān)鍵句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
考查形式二：細(xì)節(jié)推斷
考查細(xì)節(jié)判斷，事物的特點，屬性等。
解決方案：收集題干所提問的推斷對象(about后面的信息一般為推斷對象)的所有信息。如果推斷對象所涉及的信息比較多，難以抓到重點，則逐個選項進(jìn)行定位篩選。
例題
Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?
○It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.
○It prevents most groundwater from circulating.
○It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.
○It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.
答案C
AThere it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again.
BBy far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle.
C At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.
DOrdinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams.
綜上所述，推斷題并沒有我們想象的那么晦澀。它仍然是關(guān)注細(xì)節(jié)層面的題目，主要考查考生收集和題目相關(guān)的信息和梳理這些信息的能力。我們需要做到：
1把題干提問的推斷對象的信息收集完全，并理解到位。
2記住所看即所得，不要過分推斷，不要腦補(bǔ)。
3任何文章中出現(xiàn)的信息都有可能考查推斷，所以不要忽略任何一個細(xì)節(jié)。
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