托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作讓步段怎么寫(xiě)
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中，一個(gè)好的讓步段會(huì)讓文章的邏輯關(guān)系更嚴(yán)密，論證更豐富，更符合學(xué)術(shù)文章的要求。今天小編就來(lái)和大家詳細(xì)講講讓步段的寫(xiě)法，助力你的托福寫(xiě)作!
讓步段落這樣寫(xiě)，你的托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作更有威力!
寫(xiě)還是不寫(xiě)?這是個(gè)問(wèn)題
Q：很多同學(xué)有疑問(wèn)，在一篇完整的獨(dú)立作文中，讓步段是不是一定要寫(xiě)呢?可不可以不寫(xiě)呢?
老師：讓步段不是必須要寫(xiě)的，考生們可以在作文里只提出支持自己觀點(diǎn)的兩至三個(gè)正面的理由，這樣也可以得出最后的結(jié)論。
比如說(shuō)是否同意“新的科技產(chǎn)品發(fā)布，過(guò)段時(shí)間購(gòu)買(mǎi)比馬上購(gòu)買(mǎi)要好”，我們完全可以只提出過(guò)段時(shí)間購(gòu)買(mǎi)的兩個(gè)正面理由：一. 價(jià)格會(huì)更便宜; 二. 產(chǎn)品的性能會(huì)更優(yōu)化，這樣整篇作文的論點(diǎn)還是明確的。
但是這篇文章當(dāng)然也可以加上讓步段，過(guò)段時(shí)間再買(mǎi)的壞處，或是馬上購(gòu)買(mǎi)的好處。這樣會(huì)顯得這篇文章論證的邏輯更加嚴(yán)密和全面，我們確實(shí)是進(jìn)行了優(yōu)劣對(duì)比后，才得出自己的觀點(diǎn)。
尤其要注意的是，如果作文題目本身的觀點(diǎn)的反面并不能夠被忽略，那么建議讓步段是一定要寫(xiě)的，這樣顯得我們得出自己的觀點(diǎn)才不牽強(qiáng)。
比如作文題目“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.”。我們可以寫(xiě)正面的兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，即玩電腦游戲的兩個(gè)好處，但是我們同樣不能忽略玩電腦游戲的壞處，所以就要寫(xiě)讓步段了，不然觀點(diǎn)就會(huì)顯得過(guò)于偏激。
怎么寫(xiě)讓步段?這又是個(gè)問(wèn)題
重中之重: “讓一小步，進(jìn)一大步”!
讓步段的最重要目的是對(duì)讓步內(nèi)容地不斷削弱，以退為進(jìn)，先提出壞處，然后再否定它。但是要記住的是讓步段與支持段結(jié)構(gòu)一致，也是有主題句，然后要對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行展開(kāi)解釋。
所以常見(jiàn)的套路是：
主題句(不可否認(rèn)A也有壞處)+解釋(進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明壞處是什么)+讓步(但是呢，這些壞處可以被解決掉，或是不太重要)
1.讓步段主題句寫(xiě)法
讓步段的主題句一般是這樣的：不可否認(rèn)的是，A可能會(huì)有一些壞處。這里我們盡量語(yǔ)氣要委婉些，下面是一些會(huì)用到的詞組表達(dá)：
——Admittedly / Undoubtedly / There is no denying that / It cannot be denied that
——May / might / possibly / probably
——One / one or two / a couple of / minor / several
——To some extent / to some degree
【常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤】
很多考生讓步段用although開(kāi)頭，但是although后面只能跟一個(gè)從句，所以后面主題句的內(nèi)容就沒(méi)有辦法展開(kāi)了。
2. 讓步如何實(shí)現(xiàn)
讓步段的表述可以參考以下模式：
?讓步方的好處比支持方的好處次要，或者支持方的壞處比起好處來(lái)次要。
However, the advantages of A are more important than those of B.
?讓步方優(yōu)點(diǎn)與支持方優(yōu)點(diǎn)比起來(lái)較少，或支持方缺點(diǎn)與優(yōu)點(diǎn)比起來(lái)較少。
However, the advantages of A are far more than those / that of B.
However, the advantages of A outnumber those / that of B.
?對(duì)方的好處，我方也可以有辦法得到;我方的壞處可以有辦法消除。
However, the problem can be solved by …
However, the negative influence can be eliminated by …
3. 讓步段范例賞析
Q
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.
主題句:
Admittedly, playing computer games does harbor several drawbacks.
解釋：
Some children are addicted to playing computergames and ignore their studies, thereby suffering from poor academic performance. Also, over exposure to computer games with high concentration will sooner or later cause the impairment of their eyesight.
讓步:
However, most children are able to control themselves to play games in moderation. Also, their parents can intervene and supervise as well. Specifically, they could set strict rules on how much time their children could play games everyday and on what conditions they could do so, therefore it is completely unnecessary to forbid them to play computer games.
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作真題分步詳解—該不該投資“非實(shí)用科研”?
第一步：審題
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should support the scientific research even it has no practical use.
題目要求考生討論政府是否應(yīng)該支持非實(shí)用科研。由標(biāo)志詞should 可知，本題屬于價(jià)值判斷類題目。對(duì)于這類題目，可以優(yōu)先選擇利弊分析法解題。本題可以從經(jīng)濟(jì)利益、社會(huì)因素、未來(lái)發(fā)展和可操作性方面進(jìn)行討論， 比如可以思考支持"非實(shí)用科研"會(huì)造成哪些經(jīng)濟(jì)損失或帶來(lái)哪些經(jīng)濟(jì)利益、對(duì)社會(huì)和科學(xué)發(fā)展有怎樣的影響、會(huì)面臨怎樣的現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題等。
為了更清楚地展示分析結(jié)果，筆者將兩者間的利弊對(duì)比列在了下面的表格中。在考試時(shí)考生也可以用類似方法將其列在草稿紙上，寫(xiě)作時(shí)思路會(huì)更加清晰。
第二步 寫(xiě)作
1、首段
引子：在"現(xiàn)象化、背景化、調(diào)查化"三種方法中，本段可以選取現(xiàn)象化的方式展開(kāi)引子，目前，中國(guó)政府每年都在增加對(duì)科研的投入。
點(diǎn)題：可以用不同的語(yǔ)言重述題目----“而非實(shí)用科研是否應(yīng)該得到政府的政治支持，卻成為一個(gè)合理的問(wèn)題?！?/p>
觀點(diǎn)和鋪墊：本段筆者嘗試將觀點(diǎn)和鋪墊合為一句來(lái)表述，點(diǎn)明自己的觀點(diǎn)， 并簡(jiǎn)單提及下文內(nèi)容——"我個(gè)人認(rèn)為，所謂的非實(shí)用科學(xué)會(huì)給投資者帶來(lái)潛在的回報(bào)，但支持這些研究對(duì)招募科學(xué)家也會(huì)有良好的影響?！?/p>
首段用英文表述如下：
(引子)At present, the Chinese government has been increasing investment in scientific research annually. (點(diǎn)題)However, it is a legitimate question whether or not impractical scientific research should receive financial support from the government. (觀點(diǎn)和鋪墊) Personally, I believe the so-called impractical science has potential reward for investors, and supporting it also has a beneficial effect on the overall recruitment of scientists.
2、正文段1
主題句：可以簡(jiǎn)潔、清晰地提出第一分論點(diǎn)----“首先，政府應(yīng)該為非實(shí)用科學(xué)的潛在好處而進(jìn)行投資?！?/p>
擴(kuò)展句：在原因、推論、解釋、對(duì)比四種方法中，本段可以嘗試從原因分析角度對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行論證——"很多科學(xué)研究開(kāi)始都不盈利，但最后卻有很好的回報(bào)?！?/p>
案例和細(xì)節(jié)： 飛機(jī)的發(fā)明。20世紀(jì)初，萊特兄弟設(shè)計(jì)了第一架飛機(jī)。當(dāng)時(shí)，很多人認(rèn)為萊特兄弟的實(shí)驗(yàn)是毫無(wú)意義的，因?yàn)樗麄儾幌嘈胚@樣一只“呆鳥(niǎo)”能對(duì)社會(huì)有所幫助?，F(xiàn)在，全世界都受益于萊特兄弟的發(fā)明。飛機(jī)不僅成為重要的交通工具，也是一種至關(guān)重要的軍事武器。例子中提供了時(shí)間、人物、飛機(jī)綽號(hào)以及事件結(jié)果等諸多細(xì)節(jié)，使得論據(jù)非常生動(dòng)可信。
邏輯包裝：重申段落主旨，并繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)案例說(shuō)服力----“僅僅因?yàn)橐豁?xiàng)研究在當(dāng)時(shí)看起來(lái)不實(shí)用，就不進(jìn)行投資，這是很愚蠢的。因此，考慮到潛在的回報(bào)和利益，對(duì)政府而言，投資非實(shí)用科研非常值得嘗試?！?/p>
正文段1用英文表述如下：
(主題句) First, the government should invest in impractical science for its potential benefits.(擴(kuò)展句) Many scientific researches have had a non-profitable beginning, but a rewarding ending. (案例和細(xì)節(jié))The best example to illustrate this is the invention of airplane. The Wright brothers designed the first airplane in the early 20th century. At the time, most people viewed the brothers' experiment as meaningless since they did not believe such a "rigid bird" could possibly be of benefit to society. Today the whole world benefits greatly from the Wright brothers' invention. The airplane has become not only an important transportation device, but also a vital military weapon. (邏輯包裝) It is foolish to ignore investment in research simply because it seems impractical at the time. Accordingly, considering the potential rewards and benefits, it is a worthy attempt for the government to invest on impractical research.
3、正文段2
此段的結(jié)構(gòu)和正文段1類似，但需要站在不同角度思考一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)。權(quán)衡之下，我們確定以下的分論點(diǎn)-----“投資非實(shí)用科研可以進(jìn)一步發(fā)展我國(guó)的科研技術(shù)?！?/p>
以下是參考英文文段：
(主題句)Secondly, the budget for impractical scientific research can further develop scientific research in our country. (擴(kuò)展句)With the financial investment, the government can improve its reputation and attract talented scientists from all over the world. (案例和細(xì)節(jié))For instance, the U.S. government usually spends more than 2.3 billion dollars on impractical research each year, and has an excellent high reputation for valuing all scientific researches. Many scientists from abroad settle down in America because of this, for they believe they can have personal development in the United States. According to a survey on the Internet, more than 30 percent of scientific discoveries in America can be attributed to endeavors made by Chinese and Indian scientists. (邏輯包裝) If our country is increasingly devoted to impractical scientific research, we too can attract the best talents from all over the world.
4、讓步段
讓步句：可以承認(rèn)自身觀點(diǎn)的缺陷，也可以指出對(duì)方觀點(diǎn)的可取之處。此處筆者選擇承認(rèn)自身觀點(diǎn)缺陷——"誠(chéng)然，非實(shí)用科研的經(jīng)費(fèi)支出會(huì)給人們帶來(lái)一些經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)?！?/p>
讓步論證：為讓步句的合理性提出合理證明。在某種意義上，它是一種高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的投資?！?/p>
轉(zhuǎn)折句：否定讓步，強(qiáng)化己方觀點(diǎn)。本句有四種寫(xiě)作方法，即己方問(wèn)題可解、雙方優(yōu)勢(shì)共享、自身優(yōu)劣對(duì)比、行為后果權(quán)衡。這里可以采用自身優(yōu)劣對(duì)比的方法，說(shuō)明政府對(duì)科技“高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的投資“雖有缺陷，但意義更大----”不過(guò)，這種投資還是值得的?！?/p>
轉(zhuǎn)折論證：此句支持和加強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折句。進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明轉(zhuǎn)折句的合理性，并重申段落主旨-----“由于有時(shí)能得到非常高的回報(bào)，我們的政府應(yīng)該承擔(dān)投資的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?！?/p>
讓步段用英文表述如下：
(讓步句)Admittedly, the expenditure on impractical research will bring some financial burden to the people. (讓步論證)In a sense, it is a high-risk investment. (轉(zhuǎn)折句) Nevertheless, this investment is still worthwhile. (轉(zhuǎn)折論證) It is because the reward sometimes is so great that our government should be willing to take the risk of investment.
5、結(jié)尾段
結(jié)尾段主要的作用是重申觀點(diǎn)-----“總之，考慮到巨大的潛在利益和科研的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，政府確實(shí)應(yīng)該投資非實(shí)用科研?！?/p>
結(jié)尾段用英文表述如下：
In conclusion, considering the huge potential benefits and further development of scientific research, the government indeed should invest in impractical scientific research.
以上，就是本篇獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作從審題到寫(xiě)作的分步解析。本文在開(kāi)頭段運(yùn)用了“一引二扣三觀四鋪”的經(jīng)典方式，中間兩個(gè)主題段的論證中綜合使用了原因、舉例等論證方法，再結(jié)合適當(dāng)?shù)淖尣竭壿嫞阈纬闪艘黄行那蓄}、論證豐富、說(shuō)理清晰的文章。希望同學(xué)們?cè)诰毩?xí)中能學(xué)以致用，舉一反三，使這些方法服務(wù)于自己的寫(xiě)作。
托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作范文：人人都可以改變環(huán)境
寫(xiě)作話題
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Because environmental issues are too complicated, individuals can do nothing to solve them.
參考范文
Our current environmental problems grow ever more serious. Sometimes they seem so serious and confusing that it seems an individual could never do anything to help fi x the problems. Personally speaking, I believe that individuals can make a difference. There are at least two areas where the efforts of ordinary individuals can be meaningful in solving environmental issues.
Firstly, individuals can protect environment by changing their ways of waste disposal. If every person would classify his or her garbage before throwing it away, much of it could be recycled and pollution could be reduced. Just take beverage cans as one example. Recent surveys suggest that over 7,000 tons of waste beverage cans go un-recycled each year in America alone. The cost of finding these cans after they have been thrown away, reclassifying them as recyclable and then sending them to be recycled is far higher than simply making new ones. However, if individuals would sort their cans before they discard them, and then discard them into the proper containers, the expense of recycling would decline greatly and there would be reduction in absolute pollution caused by the beverage cans. This is just one area where an individual can make a difference.
Secondly, environmental problems will be somewhat revolved once individuals in society consume less energy. It is because the requirement of natural resources used to produce energy will reduce and as a result, the environmental damage human inflicts will also decline. As an academic survey indicates, if every family in American could reduce their electricity use by 5% a year,1.65 billion units would be saved. It means that the generator motived by coals in the whole country can take a break for more than a month. In fact, not only can it make human’s requirement of natural resources less, but also it can alleviate the air pollution caused by burning coals. Consequently, for winning the battle of protecting environment, individuals’ endeavor, undoubtedly, is a great strength that should not be ignored.
Admittedly, most people do not have the specialized knowledge and skills to tackle many issues related to the environment. Besides, they do not have the influence to change entire systems. Nevertheless, the claim that individuals can do nothing to solve these issues is an obvious overstatement. In fact, the power that individual can exert is much more than we can expect.
In conclusion, I disagree with the idea that individuals can do nothing in solving environmental problems since the issues are too complicated.
參考譯文
當(dāng)前我們面臨的環(huán)境問(wèn)題已經(jīng)越來(lái)越嚴(yán)峻了。有時(shí)這些問(wèn)題看起來(lái)格外嚴(yán)重，令人不知所措，以至于人們覺(jué)得個(gè)人在解決環(huán)境問(wèn)題方面已經(jīng)無(wú)能為力了。然而在我看來(lái)，即使是個(gè)人也可以盡自己的一份努力，來(lái)改變這一現(xiàn)狀。至少在下面兩個(gè)方面，普通人也能為之做出有意義的貢獻(xiàn)。
首先，人們可以通過(guò)改變垃圾丟棄的方式，來(lái)保護(hù)環(huán)境。如果每個(gè)人都能在丟掉垃圾之前將其分類，那么這些垃圾中的一大部分就可以被回收，進(jìn)而減少污染。以飲料罐為例。最近一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示，僅在美國(guó)，每年就有超過(guò) 7000 噸廢飲料罐未能得到回收。如果人們要找回這些已丟棄的飲料罐，并將其重新分類、回收利用，其成本要比制造新罐子高得多。然而，如果人們可以事先分揀出這些廢罐子，并將它們?nèi)拥较鄳?yīng)的垃圾箱里，回收的費(fèi)用則將大大下降，而由飲料罐引起的污染也會(huì)有所減少。以上這不過(guò)是個(gè)人能夠?yàn)榄h(huán)保做出貢獻(xiàn)的諸多領(lǐng)域之一。
其次，如果每個(gè)人能夠降低自己對(duì)能源的消耗，那么環(huán)境問(wèn)題也將在一定程度上得到解決。這是由于人們不再需要消耗大量的自然資源來(lái)制造能源。自然資源消耗的下降及工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的縮減，會(huì)降低人類對(duì)環(huán)境造成的損害。一份學(xué)術(shù)調(diào)查表明，如果所有的美國(guó)家庭每年能減少 5% 的用電量，那么便可節(jié)省 16.5 億度電，而這意味著全國(guó)以燃煤為動(dòng)力的發(fā)電機(jī)可以少工作一月有余。事實(shí)上， 那不僅能減少人們對(duì)自然資源的消耗，同時(shí)也能夠減輕因燒煤而引起的空氣污染。因此，要贏得環(huán)保戰(zhàn)斗的勝利，個(gè)人的努力，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，是一個(gè)不應(yīng)被忽視的強(qiáng)大力量。
誠(chéng)然，大多數(shù)人不具備解決諸多環(huán)境問(wèn)題的專業(yè)知識(shí)和技能。此外，他們也沒(méi)有足夠的影響力以改變整個(gè)體系。但即使這樣，聲稱個(gè)人在解決這些問(wèn)題上完全無(wú)能為力顯然言過(guò)其實(shí)了。事實(shí)上，個(gè)人能夠發(fā)揮出的力量是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)我們預(yù)期的。
綜上所述，我不認(rèn)同“環(huán)境問(wèn)題太過(guò)復(fù)雜，因此個(gè)人在解決這些問(wèn)題上無(wú)能為力”這個(gè)說(shuō)法。
范文點(diǎn)撥
這篇范文共五段。首段依然是引子、點(diǎn)題、觀點(diǎn)、鋪墊四個(gè)要素。對(duì)于本題的話題，即個(gè)人是否在應(yīng)對(duì)復(fù)雜的環(huán)境問(wèn)題面前無(wú)能為力，作者持的是一種否定態(tài)度，并在其后的兩個(gè)正論段中，從垃圾處理和能源節(jié)約方面進(jìn)行了論證。另外，作者在論述以上兩段時(shí)，也分別給出了具體的數(shù)據(jù)，作為細(xì)節(jié)加以佐證。在讓步段中，作者使用了“讓步句 +讓步論證 +轉(zhuǎn)折句 +轉(zhuǎn)折論證”的四句話論證法。值得注意的是，這一次的讓步論證中，作者給出了與讓步句論點(diǎn)平行的另一觀點(diǎn)，來(lái)對(duì)其做出補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明?？傮w上說(shuō)，整篇文章長(zhǎng)度適中，且語(yǔ)言亮點(diǎn)較多，難度適中，非常適合考生模仿研習(xí)。
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