四六級(jí)閱讀難點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵句
準(zhǔn)備要考四六級(jí)了，大家準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?接下來(lái)，小編給大家準(zhǔn)備了四六級(jí)閱讀難點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵句,歡迎大家參考與借鑒。
四六級(jí)閱讀難點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵句
1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.
2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.
3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid1 medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.
4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.
5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively2 early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.
6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.
7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character.
8. Contraction3 of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.
9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.
10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.
11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you.
12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.
13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them.
14. In what now seems like the prehistoric4 times of computer history, the earth’s postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day.
15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.
16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.
17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.
18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.
19. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.
20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
第一部分(1-20句譯文)
1、系好安全帶能夠挽救性命，它能將喪生和重傷的概率減少一半以上。
2、但是司機(jī)有責(zé)任確保14歲以下的孩子不要坐在前排，除非他們系好了安全帶。
3、當(dāng)然，如果有以下情況你可以不系安全帶：你在倒車時(shí)，或者你用一種特殊交通工具進(jìn)行當(dāng)?shù)氐呢浳镞\(yùn)送、收集時(shí)，或者你有合法的醫(yī)學(xué)證明你不能系安全帶時(shí)。
4、注意你如果不這么做(系安全帶)的話，你有可能被告上法庭，而且你有可能被處以罰款除非你能證明你有不帶安全帶的理由。
5、Taiju Matsuzawa 教授想找出為什么日本北部的健康農(nóng)民在相對(duì)年輕的年齡就顯得開始失去思考與推理的能力的原因以及怎樣才能延緩老化過(guò)程。
6、在東京國(guó)立大學(xué)的同事們的幫助下，他開始對(duì)一千來(lái)自不同職業(yè)的人群進(jìn)行了大腦體積的測(cè)量。
7、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)幫助研究人員獲得人腦前部和側(cè)部的準(zhǔn)確體積，這是與人的智能和情緒有關(guān)的部分，而且也決定人的性格特點(diǎn)。
8、有的人(大腦)前部和側(cè)部的收縮——隨著細(xì)胞的死亡——在三十多歲時(shí)就能被觀察到了，但是也有些人直到六七歲依然不明顯。
9、研究結(jié)果表明在農(nóng)村的人大腦收縮基本上比城市里的人要早。
10、在政府部門從事簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)工作的白領(lǐng)也像農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人、公共汽車司機(jī)和商店職員一樣大腦細(xì)胞容易收縮。
11、我們知道你們很看重你們?cè)诖髮W(xué)里面教育的學(xué)習(xí)方法，而且我們的年輕人與你們生活的花費(fèi)即使對(duì)于你們來(lái)說(shuō)也不便宜。
12、但是你們也要明白不同的民族看待事物有不同的方法，所以如果剛好我們的看法與你們的不一樣的話，你們也不應(yīng)覺的被冒犯了。
13、當(dāng)然，對(duì)于你們的盛情我們沒有被逼迫的感覺，盡管我們拒絕接受。而且，為了表示我們的感謝，如果維吉利亞洲的紳士們?cè)敢馀蓙?lái)一些他們的子弟的話，我們會(huì)盡全力教育他們，并把他們培養(yǎng)成為真正的男人。
14、在這個(gè)像是計(jì)算機(jī)史前時(shí)代的時(shí)代，地球的戰(zhàn)后時(shí)代，人們普遍擔(dān)憂有一天計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)取代人類控制世界。
15、今天或者不到五十年后，計(jì)算機(jī)將越來(lái)越多的減輕人們的工作事務(wù)和日常瑣事。我們也將面對(duì)一個(gè)沒有什么戲劇性和更不可預(yù)測(cè)的問(wèn)題。
16、顯然，如果你不得不檢查計(jì)算機(jī)提供的所有答案的話，對(duì)它投資就沒有任何意義了。但是當(dāng)人們覺的計(jì)算機(jī)確實(shí)出了一些問(wèn)題的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該靠自己內(nèi)部的“計(jì)算機(jī)”來(lái)檢查機(jī)器。
17、當(dāng)然牛頓在他的作品中寫到了一些理論方面的東西，但他不愿進(jìn)行更加深刻的研究。
18、除了一些洲際旅行者和以大海為生的人，對(duì)于大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，大海是遙遠(yuǎn)的，沒有什么必要提出太多問(wèn)題，更別說(shuō)思考大海海底的東西了。
19、當(dāng)鋪設(shè)一條從歐洲到美洲的海底電報(bào)光纜的時(shí)候，出于商業(yè)動(dòng)機(jī)，人們第一次不得不回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題“海底是什么東西”。
20、在早期的嘗試中，光纜鋪設(shè)失敗，不得不取出來(lái)維修。這時(shí)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)上面覆蓋有生物，這推翻了當(dāng)時(shí)科學(xué)界認(rèn)為深海沒有生命的理論。
21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective1 employers.
22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.
23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.
24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
25. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
26. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively.
28. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities2 of spelling?
29. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil’s technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child’s deep feelings.
30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centred on the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.
31. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.
32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely3 on the action of both aerobic4 and anaerobic5 bacteria and certain types of fungi6.
33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown7 the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven’t.
34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.
35. Mathematicians8 who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.
36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, to learning about the stars and making model ships.
37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.
38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.
39. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?
40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative9 effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.
第二部分(21-40句譯文)
21、學(xué)生們所學(xué)的每一門課程都有分?jǐn)?shù)，而且要被記錄存檔，這可以用來(lái)提供給將來(lái)學(xué)生的雇主們。
22、所有這些給學(xué)生們施加了很大的壓力，盡管如此，學(xué)生們還是積極參加學(xué)生活動(dòng)。
23、而有效遵守紀(jì)律的學(xué)生們往往是那些經(jīng)常給校方提建議的學(xué)生。
24、當(dāng)丈夫們和妻子們認(rèn)識(shí)到這種能量圈的意思以及各個(gè)家庭成員所處的圈之后，許多家庭爭(zhēng)吵就結(jié)束了。
25、只要可能，在下午做那些程序化的工作，把需要更多能量的工作留到你效率最好的時(shí)候去做。
26、我們也很看重個(gè)人品德和社交技能，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)混合能力的教育對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)的各個(gè)方面都有幫助。
27、他們也要學(xué)習(xí)如何處理個(gè)人問(wèn)題和怎樣思考，怎樣決策、分析和評(píng)估以及有效溝通。
28、問(wèn)題是，怎樣鼓勵(lì)一個(gè)孩子在寫作時(shí)自由自信的表達(dá)自己，而不被拼寫的復(fù)雜所捆繞。
29、這可能是對(duì)學(xué)生在寫作中的技術(shù)能力的尖銳批評(píng)，但也是老師的失敗的悲哀反映——忽略了朗讀文章，這其中優(yōu)美的表達(dá)可以激發(fā)孩子們的深刻感受。
30、老師注重錯(cuò)誤沒錯(cuò)，但是如果他更注重孩子的思想的話，他失望的表現(xiàn)會(huì)使孩子有提高的動(dòng)力。
31、根據(jù)政府和私人雇主的性質(zhì)來(lái)看，私人雇主更有可能采取歧視。
32、這種化合物通過(guò)碳的釋放來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)循環(huán)，主要依靠喜氧和厭氧細(xì)菌以及一些菌類的活動(dòng)。
33、一場(chǎng)激烈的爭(zhēng)論在一個(gè)女孩和一位少校中展開了，前者說(shuō)女人們已經(jīng)不再“看到老鼠就從椅子上跳起來(lái)”了，而后者說(shuō)她們依然那樣。
34、他們?cè)趪L試尋找是否我們教授孩子們語(yǔ)言的方法中有阻礙孩子們迅速學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的東西。
35、使用計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)拷貝大腦工作方式的數(shù)學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)即使使用最先進(jìn)的電子設(shè)備，他們也要建造一臺(tái)超過(guò)10，000公斤的計(jì)算機(jī)。
36、既然不同的人們?cè)谒麄兊臉I(yè)余時(shí)間做不同的事情，我們可以列出一長(zhǎng)串愛好列表，包括從收集火柴盒到養(yǎng)珍稀魚類以及學(xué)習(xí)星學(xué)和制造航模等各種消遣。
37、他們知道在冰面下面游泳的海豹呼吸的熱氣會(huì)使冰面上出現(xiàn)洞口，于是他們就在洞旁守侯并捕殺海豹。
38、只要一個(gè)人沒有屬于其他人種的明顯的特征，我們就可以判斷他是否屬于白色人種。
39、盡管在學(xué)校，企業(yè)和政府中不誠(chéng)實(shí)的欺詐行為近年來(lái)比以往都要多，大那也許是因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)谶@些方面加大了揭露的力度。
40、并不是與獨(dú)立理論不一致，而是與其應(yīng)用不相符合：愛情小說(shuō)可以以任何一種形式展現(xiàn)或者根本沒有特殊的規(guī)律，他們沒有累積效果，就象現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)家的作品一樣獨(dú)立。
41. His thesis works relatively1 well when applied2 to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “ racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic3 competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility4 toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining — the Black heritage of folklore5, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived6 from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
44. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.
45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural7 differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural8 circuits.
46. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory9 nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.
47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution, a bimodal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remains10.
48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census11 takers made out, and as regards our more immediate12 concern, the reliability13 of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable difference of opinion.
49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis14 of the spine15 who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.
50. Yet across the gulf16 of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious17 eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.
51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to a professor’s classroom duties.
52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.
53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.
54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations18 were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable19 than any of the minute differences.
55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping20 to predict earthquakes.
56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense21 system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.
57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers22, whose flights are within the Earth’s atmosphere, from hitting their targets.
58. Civil rights activists23 have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.
59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly24 to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.
60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor25 regulations and compulsory26 education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo27.
第三部分(41-60句譯文)
41、對(duì)于針對(duì)美國(guó)黑人的種族歧視，他的理論相對(duì)成立得較好，但是他將種族偏見如此定義：“在某一特定區(qū)域內(nèi)的種族競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中被普遍接受的一個(gè)種族所受到的基于種族的負(fù)面偏見。”可以看作也包含有對(duì)象加州的中國(guó)人以及中世紀(jì)的猶太人等少數(shù)民族的敵視。
42、加特曼確鑿地說(shuō)明黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定鼓勵(lì)了黑人文化遺產(chǎn)的傳遞和維護(hù)，這些遺產(chǎn)包括從一代傳到另一代的民間傳說(shuō)，音樂，和宗教表述，這些遺產(chǎn)使非洲和美洲的奴隸們特色顯著。
43、即使社會(huì)系統(tǒng)的民間知識(shí)中像掙錢，花費(fèi)，組織，婚嫁，政治活動(dòng)的參與，以及戰(zhàn)斗等等，都與從社會(huì)科學(xué)中衍生出來(lái)更加精細(xì)的社會(huì)系統(tǒng)描述相差不多，盡管它是建立在一個(gè)不太完善的個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)上的模型。
44、有幾項(xiàng)措施可以采取，其中主要的是要所有宣布以保護(hù)動(dòng)物利益為目標(biāo)的組織都明確宣布他們對(duì)于人類所受到的暴力襲擊表決堅(jiān)定的立場(chǎng)、
45、用其他方式來(lái)展示神經(jīng)類型的細(xì)微差別也是可能的，然而，要證明脈沖質(zhì)量和傳導(dǎo)受到這些差別的影響還缺乏證據(jù)，看起來(lái)這些差別影響的是神經(jīng)單元的發(fā)展形成方式。
46、根據(jù)這一理論，不是由感覺神經(jīng)脈沖的質(zhì)量來(lái)決定他們產(chǎn)生的各種神經(jīng)感覺的，而是由他們被發(fā)射到大腦的哪一部位來(lái)決定的，對(duì)這一觀點(diǎn)是有證據(jù)的。
47、磨擦的結(jié)果是，在葉面上服從正態(tài)分布的地方就會(huì)產(chǎn)生兩種分布方式，頂點(diǎn)上主要是小塊，其他的地方是小塊，其他的地方是大塊的地方。
48、圣經(jīng)沒有告訴我們羅馬的數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)者們?cè)鯓舆_(dá)到我們今天的經(jīng)濟(jì)預(yù)測(cè)的可靠性的，我們進(jìn)一步思考的話，其中的意見上有很大的不同。
49、在英國(guó)進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查證實(shí)經(jīng)常接受X光照射的脊椎關(guān)節(jié)炎患者癌癥的百分比高得不正常。
50、然而，穿過(guò)太空的港灣，那里的意識(shí)對(duì)于我們的來(lái)說(shuō)就像我們的意識(shí)比動(dòng)物的意識(shí)一樣，冷酷廣博而無(wú)情的智慧，用嫉妒的眼睛看作地球，慢慢地肯定會(huì)制定針對(duì)我們的計(jì)劃。
51、即使是學(xué)術(shù)界被長(zhǎng)時(shí)間認(rèn)作必須“同盟卡”的博士學(xué)位，現(xiàn)在也因?yàn)閮H僅為了學(xué)習(xí)本身和知識(shí)的累積而學(xué)習(xí)，卻不把知識(shí)應(yīng)用到教授的教學(xué)職責(zé)中去而受到了嚴(yán)厲的批評(píng)。
52、盡管收集必要的信息對(duì)于兩者來(lái)說(shuō)都是需要的，但官員必須以中立和清晰的態(tài)度來(lái)提供事實(shí)的畫面，而藝術(shù)家從已設(shè)字的信息或者態(tài)度開始，并將其過(guò)用激發(fā)讀者共鳴和情緒反應(yīng)的詞語(yǔ)描寫的動(dòng)用細(xì)節(jié)描述出來(lái)。
53、流行期刊中甚至有文章批評(píng)國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值，因?yàn)樗⒉皇且粋€(gè)福利目錄，一方面忽視了它從來(lái)就沒有這種傾向，另一方面的建議是通過(guò)正確的改變它才能被轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)來(lái)。
54、其他的實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和連接的細(xì)微變化，但就神經(jīng)關(guān)聯(lián)而言，這些感覺區(qū)域的相似性比那些細(xì)微的區(qū)別更有意義可言。
55、中國(guó)向農(nóng)民和其它農(nóng)村住戶發(fā)放了宣傳刊物，指導(dǎo)他們觀察動(dòng)物，以便每戶人家都能參與幫助地震預(yù)報(bào)。
56、星球大戰(zhàn)防御系統(tǒng)的支持者們希望它不僅能保護(hù)一個(gè)遭受核攻擊的國(guó)家，也希望它能成為使核攻擊永不發(fā)生的足夠威脅。
57、它也不能防止軌道在地球大氣層以內(nèi)的洲際導(dǎo)彈和轟炸機(jī)命中目標(biāo)。
58、人民活動(dòng)家一直認(rèn)為黑人和拉丁美人難以在生意上立足的原因是因?yàn)樗麄冸y以取得大公司的大宗定單和分包合同。
59、她認(rèn)為十九世紀(jì)給家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)作出貢獻(xiàn)的孩子才“有用”的概念慢慢改變了，今天提到那些沒有掙取收入的“無(wú)用”孩子，甚至還要花銷很多，仍然在情感上被認(rèn)為是無(wú)價(jià)的。
60、這種關(guān)于孩子的觀點(diǎn)到19世紀(jì)時(shí)已在中上階級(jí)中建立，并于19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初在社會(huì)上廣泛傳播，當(dāng)時(shí)改革者們推行童工規(guī)定和義務(wù)教育法，部分來(lái)源于孩子的情感價(jià)值的假設(shè)，這都使得使用童工被禁止了。
61. Of course, it would be as dangerous to overreact to history by concluding that the majority must now be wrong about expansion as it would be to re-enact the response that greeted the suggestion that the continents had drifted.
62. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: who were the consumers? What were their motives1? And what were the effect of the new demand for luxuries?
63. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.
64. With respect to their reasons for immigrating2, Grassy3 does not deny their frequently noted4 fact that some of the immigrants of the 1630’s, most notably5 the organizers and clergy6, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect7.
65. If we take the age-and sex-specific unemployment rates that existed in 1956 (when the overall unemployment rate was 4.1 percent) and weight them by the age- and sex-specific shares of the labor8 force that prevail currently, the overall unemployment rate becomes 5 percent.
66. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “ step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.
67. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economy’s larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided.
68. However, when investment flows primarily in one direction, as it generally does from industrial to developing countries, the seemingly reciprocal source-based restrictions9 produce revenue sacrifices primarily by the state receiving most of the foreign investment and producing most of the income—namely ,the developing country partner.
69. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligation and involvement in the collective community that emphasized by the Greeks.
70. The defense10 lawyer relied on long-standing principles governing the conduct of prosecuting11 attorneys: as quasi-judicial officers of the court they are under a duty not to prejudice a party’s case through overzealous prosecution12 or to detract from the impartiality13 of courtroom atmosphere.
71. No prudent14 person dared to act on the assumption that, when the continent was settled, one government could include the whole; and when the vast expense broke up, as seemed inevitable15, into a collection of separate nations, only discord16, antagonism17, and wars could be expected.
72. If they were right in thinking that the next necessity in human progress was to lift the average person upon an intellectual and social level with the most favored, they stood at least three generations nearer than Europe to that goal.
73. Somehow he knows that if our huckstering civilization did not at every moment violate the eternal fitness of things, the poet’s song would have been given to the world, and the poet would have been cared for by the whole human brotherhood18, as any man should be who does the duty that every man owes it.
74. The instinctive19 sense of the dishonor which money-purchase does to art is so strong that sometimes a man of letters who can pay his way otherwise refuses pay for his work, as Lord Byron did, for a while, from a noble pride, and as Count Tolstoy has tried to do, from a noble conscience.
75. Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.
76. Abraham Lincoln, who presided in his stone temple on August 28, 1963 above the children of the slaves he emancipated20 (解放), may have used just the right words to sum up the general reaction to the Negroes’ massive march on Washington.
77. In the Warren Court era, voters asked the Court to pass on issues concerning the size and shape of electoral districts, partly out of desperation because no other branch of government offered relief, and partly out of hope that the Court would reexamine old decisions in this area as it had in others, looking at basic constitutional principles in the light of modern living conditions.
78. Some even argue plausibly21 that this weakness may be irremediable : in any society that, like a capitalist society, seeks to become ever wealthier in material terms disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.
79. This doctrine22 has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment23 to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative24 classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny25 by the courts.
80. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated26, some photographers are tempted27 to disarm28 themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to have more room for creative accident.
第四部分(61-80句譯文)
61、當(dāng)然，對(duì)歷史反應(yīng)過(guò)度以致結(jié)論說(shuō)關(guān)于擴(kuò)張的問(wèn)題大多數(shù)人都錯(cuò)了與重新形成對(duì)大陸漂浮建議理論的反應(yīng)一樣，是危險(xiǎn)的。將來(lái)對(duì)于這些關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題的研究毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是必要的，然而不應(yīng)該否定最近研究結(jié)論的說(shuō)服力，在18世紀(jì)的英格蘭對(duì)于一些微不足道和有使用價(jià)值的商品和服務(wù)的需求，預(yù)示了我們今天的世界。
62、然而這種消費(fèi)革命的情況還有疑問(wèn)，三個(gè)關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題是：消費(fèi)者是什么人?他們的動(dòng)機(jī)是什么?對(duì)于奢侈品的新型需求的效果是什么?
63、盡管從生產(chǎn)廠商和服務(wù)行業(yè)認(rèn)為他們的顧客需要并實(shí)際生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品或者提供的服務(wù)來(lái)推斷他是可能的。但只有對(duì)實(shí)際的消費(fèi)者填寫的個(gè)人資料的研究才能清楚地描述顧客的需求。
64、對(duì)于他們移民原因的細(xì)節(jié)，Grassy并不否認(rèn)他們經(jīng)常提出的事實(shí)-17世紀(jì)30年代的一些移民主要由組織家和牧師組成，提出了要離開的宗教解釋，但他發(fā)現(xiàn)只是以回顧的方式推定的基本情況。
65、如果我們將1956年(當(dāng)時(shí)的平均失業(yè)率為4、1%)的年齡和性別失業(yè)率分來(lái)用今天一般的勞動(dòng)力中年齡性別比來(lái)計(jì)算的話，平均失業(yè)率就是5%了。
66、他很迷惑我并不想要明顯的是所有美國(guó)人被教導(dǎo)長(zhǎng)大后要追求的東西：金錢和權(quán)力。
67、除非生產(chǎn)力的增長(zhǎng)出人意料的大，不然實(shí)際產(chǎn)出的擴(kuò)大最終要開始減緩以適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，這樣才能避免價(jià)格的綜合需求壓力。
68、然而，當(dāng)投資基本上流向一個(gè)方面時(shí)，就像一般從工業(yè)化到一般發(fā)展中國(guó)家一樣，看起來(lái)是基于雙方資源的規(guī)定產(chǎn)生的收入損失主要由接收大量外國(guó)投資和創(chuàng)造大部分收益的國(guó)家來(lái)承擔(dān)-即發(fā)展中國(guó)家一方。
69、盡可能沒有政府干預(yù)地追求個(gè)人利益被看作為通往人類幸福的道路和進(jìn)步，而不是像希臘人強(qiáng)調(diào)的集體社會(huì)中的公共義務(wù)與參與。
70、辯護(hù)律師依靠長(zhǎng)期作用的準(zhǔn)則來(lái)約束原告律師的行來(lái)：作為法庭的準(zhǔn)司法人員，他們有責(zé)任不能過(guò)分起訴來(lái)偏見性對(duì)待一方的案子或者破壞法庭的公正氣氛。
71、沒有一個(gè)謹(jǐn)慎的人能按如下的假設(shè)行事：當(dāng)陸地確定以后，一個(gè)政府并不能包括全部;當(dāng)這種巨大的開銷終于分裂為幾個(gè)民族時(shí)，這看起來(lái)是不可避免的，人們就只能等待著爭(zhēng)論，敵對(duì)和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)了。
72、如果他們認(rèn)為人類進(jìn)步的下一步必需是把普通人的智力水平和社會(huì)地位向著最受歡迎的方向提高的看法正確的話，他們至少要比歐洲超前三代接近那個(gè)目標(biāo)。
73、他認(rèn)識(shí)到如果不是我們的“小貶”文明每時(shí)每刻地破壞事實(shí)內(nèi)部的和諧的話，詩(shī)人的詩(shī)歌就該已經(jīng)奉獻(xiàn)給了世界，而詩(shī)人也該被全人類關(guān)懷著，每個(gè)為大家做事的人都該被如此對(duì)待。
74、金錢購(gòu)買給藝術(shù)的本能恥辱感如此強(qiáng)烈，以致可有時(shí)文人可以獲得報(bào)酬卻拒絕為其作品給予的報(bào)酬，Lord Byron有時(shí)因?yàn)樽鹳F的自豪而這么做，而Count Tolstoy則出于貴族的良知而盡力這么做。
75、也許他認(rèn)為他批評(píng)美國(guó)的外支政策就會(huì)使他從聯(lián)幫政府那里獲得的對(duì)人權(quán)和的支持受到威脅。
76、Abraham Lincoln在1963年8月28日在他掌管的石頭寺里解放了奴隸的孩子們，使用了正確的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)總統(tǒng)對(duì)待華盛頓的黑人群眾游行。
77、在Warren法庭時(shí)代，選民們要求法庭通過(guò)有關(guān)選區(qū)的大小和形狀的問(wèn)題，一方面因?yàn)槌鲇诮^望-沒有什么其他的政府部門提供緩解的辦法;一方面出于希望-法庭根據(jù)現(xiàn)代的生活條件來(lái)審視基本的憲法原則,像其他地區(qū)一樣重新審查在這一地區(qū)的舊的規(guī)定。
78、有些人甚至看似事理地認(rèn)為這一弱點(diǎn)無(wú)可補(bǔ)救：在任何一個(gè)在物質(zhì)財(cái)富方面追求更加富裕的社會(huì)中，比如說(shuō)資本主義社會(huì)，比例不均衡的回報(bào)肯定要流向那些在創(chuàng)造財(cái)富增長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中提供設(shè)備的人。
79、這一學(xué)說(shuō)把十四修正案的應(yīng)用擴(kuò)大到了其他方面，由于一些法官拒絕用憲法來(lái)給除種族外的東西來(lái)進(jìn)行法定分類予以否定，許多人覺得這一論點(diǎn)可以接受;至少有一些非種族的歧視，特別是性別歧視被懷疑要受法庭的仔細(xì)審查。
80、但由于照相機(jī)變得越來(lái)越精細(xì)，越來(lái)越自動(dòng)化了，一些攝影師禁不住開始解除他們的裝備或者說(shuō)他們根本沒什么裝備，而傾向于運(yùn)用那些非現(xiàn)代的照相技術(shù)，因?yàn)橐患芪闯墒?，力不大的機(jī)器被認(rèn)為更加有趣或者說(shuō)更能有情緒結(jié)果，給人更多的創(chuàng)作空間。
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