托福獨(dú)立寫作中常用的11類連接詞匯總
在托福寫作備考的過(guò)程中，我們通常都是會(huì)比較關(guān)注一些詞匯和句型的時(shí)候，而在這其中，往往都是會(huì)對(duì)連接詞有了一些疏忽，而通常這些詞也是我們得分點(diǎn)。那么，在以下內(nèi)容中，我們就整理一下在托福寫作中常用的一些連接詞給大家，希望能為同學(xué)們的備考帶來(lái)幫助。
托福獨(dú)立寫作中常用的11類連接詞匯總
1.增補(bǔ)(Addition) >in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what is more, next, finally.
2.比較(Comparison) >in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as
3.對(duì)照(contrast) >whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, unlike, on the contrary, while
4.轉(zhuǎn)折性過(guò)度 >however, nevertheless, instead
5.因果(Cause and effect) >because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result (of), accordingly, hence, so, thus
6.強(qiáng)調(diào)(Emphasis) >certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most important
7.讓步(Concession) >although, though, after all, in spite of, still, provided, while it is true....
8.例證(Exemplification) >for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in >this case
9.總結(jié)(Conclusion) >to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, in summary
10.推斷(Inference) >therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise
11.時(shí)間和空間(Time and space) >afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyond, above, >below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of
托福寫作練習(xí) 如何巧妙使用連詞并做到內(nèi)在論證統(tǒng)一?
一.托福寫作中如何巧妙使用連詞
任何形式的英語(yǔ)文章中都應(yīng)該具備一定量的連接詞(路標(biāo)詞)，因?yàn)樗鼈兪怯兄谧x者順利閱讀的“導(dǎo)航坐標(biāo)”;大多數(shù)考生在備考時(shí)也的確會(huì)準(zhǔn)備一系列此類連接詞，用于文章每個(gè)段落的段首;包括有表示“第一，第二，第三”等的連接詞。但是單純有段首連接詞還不足以支撐全文的結(jié)構(gòu)，因此考生應(yīng)該同時(shí)準(zhǔn)備段中連接詞，包括“比如說(shuō)，因?yàn)?，但是，相?duì)比而言”等，粗略估計(jì)，全文完成下來(lái)可以達(dá)到15個(gè)以上的路標(biāo)詞，不僅承接了全文，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰明了，而且也為時(shí)間緊張下的寫作減輕了不少字?jǐn)?shù)壓力。以下為常用連接詞：
第一：in the first place/ first and foremost/ to start with/ to begin with/ first of all/ first/ firstly
第二：in the second place/ secondly and equal importantly/ to continue/ second/ secondly
第三：in the third place/ last but not least/ third/ thirdly
一方面、另一方面：on one hand/ on the other hand; for one thing/ for another
表原因：because/ because of/ since/ due to/ as/ thanks to/ for/ owing to
表結(jié)果：so/ therefore/ as a result/ consequently/ as a consequence
表舉例：for example/ for instance/ such as/ take…as an example/ to illustrate
表承接：besides/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more/ in addition/ additionally
表轉(zhuǎn)折：but/ while/ however/ nevertheless/ nonetheless
表比較對(duì)比: to compare with/ compared with/ in comparison with/ by contrast/ on the contrary
當(dāng)然，僅僅依靠連接詞是不足以表明全文的連貫性的，適當(dāng)?shù)奶砑舆^(guò)渡句也是很好的承接手段，如Official Guide To The New TOEFL P263中有一篇關(guān)于DISHONESTY KILLS RELIABILITY 的5分范文中就有出現(xiàn)多處明顯的段落過(guò)渡句，如第三段首“After stating that everyone’s opinion can be different about this, for me honesty, in other words, always telling…”用來(lái)承接上下兩段，以引出自己的觀點(diǎn)看法;第五段首“Although I would like to see altruistic, understanding, thoughtful and loyal behavior from people, an instance of the opposite…”等都明顯具備良好的過(guò)渡功能，讓全文更加流暢舒服，朗朗上口。
二.托福寫作練習(xí)如何做到文章內(nèi)所有論證統(tǒng)一
Official Guide To The New TOEFL這一官方指南中也明確在寫作部分提到“但要知道，僅僅使用第一，第二這樣的連接詞并不能保證作文結(jié)構(gòu)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，還要注意讓所有的觀點(diǎn)與文章的主題相關(guān)，緊扣中心思想。換句話說(shuō)，作文要有統(tǒng)一性，評(píng)分原則中提到的統(tǒng)一性，漸進(jìn)性和連貫性這些都是評(píng)估作文結(jié)構(gòu)是否嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，讀者能否比較容易地跟上作者思路的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?！蓖ㄟ^(guò)上段敘述，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)作文論證統(tǒng)一性的重要性。
而事實(shí)上這也正是被許多考生所忽略的問(wèn)題。在拿到試題后，考生們不是先騰出時(shí)間構(gòu)思結(jié)構(gòu)框架，而是急著抓住哪怕是一分鐘的時(shí)間動(dòng)筆寫作，其實(shí)如此的選擇是要不得的，朗閣海外考試研究中心強(qiáng)烈建議各位考生在考試時(shí)不要舍不得這準(zhǔn)備的時(shí)間，正所謂“磨刀不誤砍柴功”;因?yàn)橹挥挟?dāng)你事先構(gòu)思好而不是邊想邊寫，你才能真正做到論證內(nèi)容的一致性，觀點(diǎn)與論據(jù)的統(tǒng)一性，也才能真正取得高分。另外，用最直白的作答應(yīng)對(duì)題目的提問(wèn)，用單邊的手段安排整篇文章成5段的總分總思路是十分適用的。
托福寫作經(jīng)典搭配梳理
1.NOT ONLY...BUT ALSO
例句：It is undeniable that by taking a major-related part-job, students can not merely improve their academic studies, but also gain much experience, which they will never be able to get from the textbooks.
[參考翻譯]:不可否認(rèn)的是學(xué)生通過(guò)做一份和專業(yè)相關(guān)的工作不僅能夠提高他們的專業(yè)能力，而且能獲得從課本上得不到的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
2.BUT ...AS WELL
To most people, education means schools. But education has many other sources as well the home, museums, television, advertising, newspapers, and magazines.
[參考翻譯]:對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，教育意味著學(xué)校。但是教育還有其他的渠道，如家庭、娛樂(lè)場(chǎng)所、電視、廣告、報(bào)紙、雜志等。
We are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well.
[參考翻譯]:我們經(jīng)常聽到這樣的建議：人老了，要保持體育活動(dòng)。但老年人還需要保持大腦活動(dòng)。
3.AS MUCH... AS
例句：Many old people like to spend mornings in parks. They go there as muchfor companionship as for physical exercise.
[參考翻譯]:許多老人喜歡早晨到公園去。他們到那里去既是為了鍛煉，也是為了交友談心。
例句: The success of the government’s anti-inflation efforts will depend as much on strong political will as on wise economic policy.
[參考翻譯]:政府反通貨膨脹的努力的成功既有賴于明智的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，也有賴于政治上的堅(jiān)決意志。
4.NO LESS(...) THAN
例句：As regards our foreign policy, it is no less our interest than our duty to maintain the most friendly relations with other countries.
[參考翻譯]:關(guān)于我們的對(duì)外政策，維持和其他國(guó)家的友好關(guān)系，既是我們的義務(wù)，也同樣是我們的利益。
例句：Printing does as much harm as good, since it gives us bad books as well as good ones, and propagates falsehood and error less than knowledge and truth.
[參考翻譯]:印刷給我們帶來(lái)好處，也帶來(lái)壞處，因?yàn)樗霭媪撕脮?，也出版了壞書，宣傳了真理和知識(shí)，也散布了謬誤和錯(cuò)誤。
5. AS WELL AS
例句：Businessmen should be honest, because, for the most part, businessmen are leaders of the larger community as -well as of their own enterprises.
[參考翻譯]:商人應(yīng)該誠(chéng)實(shí)，因?yàn)榫痛蠖鄶?shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，他們既是自己企業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，又是較大社區(qū)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。
例句：We should keep optimistic, for there is a great opportunity as -well as great danger in the present crisis, as the Chinese word“crisis” suggests which is a combination of two meanings: danger and opportunity.
[參考翻譯]:我們應(yīng)該保持樂(lè)觀，因?yàn)樵谀壳暗奈C(jī)中，既存在危險(xiǎn)，又存在很大的機(jī)會(huì)。正如中文‘危機(jī)”這個(gè)詞組所隱含的意思，它是由危險(xiǎn)和機(jī)會(huì)兩個(gè)意思所組成的。
6.BOTH...AND
What is taught, these faculties argue, is both critical and problem-solving modes of thought, as well as a close familiarity with at least one field.
這些教師認(rèn)為，學(xué)校教授的應(yīng)既是批評(píng)性的又是解決問(wèn)題性的思維模式，以及至少非常熟悉一個(gè)領(lǐng)域里的知識(shí)。
7.DO MORE THAN +V
Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talkabout the rise in student cheating.
[參考翻譯]:全國(guó)各地的大學(xué)已決定不僅僅只空談學(xué)生考試作弊愈益嚴(yán)重的情況。
Led by a self-confident America 9 the Europeans did more than merely follow.
[參考翻譯]:在充滿自信的美國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，歐洲國(guó)家不僅僅是亦步亦趨。
8. A MIXTURE OF/BETWEEN...AND
It was not difficult to understand that most white people
act towards the black with a mixture of sympathy and disgust.
[參考翻譯]:要理解大多數(shù)白人為什么對(duì)待黑人的態(tài)度既同情又仇視是不很難的。
Organized sports have become a mixture of patriotism and national pride on the one hand with the national religion and symbols on the other.
[參考翻譯]:一方面競(jìng)技體育既激起了愛國(guó)主義精神又激起了民族自豪，另一方面又成為國(guó)家宗教和國(guó)家的象征。
9.AT ONCE...AND
Sports accurately reflects American society, its frustrations, its fantasies, its cultural values. The arena is at once apart from and a part of everyday life.
[參考翻譯]:體育確切地反映了美國(guó)社會(huì)，她的失意，她的想象，她的文化價(jià)值。競(jìng)技場(chǎng)既遠(yuǎn)離日常生活，又是日常生活的一部分。
This course will provide the student with an opportunity for learning to be at once more fanciful and more decisive.
[參考翻譯]:這個(gè)課程將給學(xué)生機(jī)會(huì)，學(xué)習(xí)如何做到既更富有幻想，又更果斷。
3種常用托福寫作句型 讓你的托福獨(dú)立寫作拿高分
第一種托福寫作實(shí)用句型：大家熟知但是卻不愛用的there be句型
說(shuō)熟知是絕大部分同學(xué)或多或少寫過(guò)，說(shuō)不愛用，就得提提老給我們使絆的“Chinglish思維方式了”。There be的句型在寫作中極容易犯錯(cuò)，比如：明天將會(huì)有很多重大新聞。
有的同學(xué)想都不想的造句：Tomorrow will have many significant news. 這樣的句型就屬于是較嚴(yán)重的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤了，tomorrow能發(fā)出have這個(gè)動(dòng)作嗎?肯定是不能的，所以主語(yǔ)并不是tomorrow。這里很明顯沒(méi)有可以發(fā)出“有”這個(gè)動(dòng)作的主語(yǔ)，所以正確答案應(yīng)該是：There will be many significant news tomorrow. Tomorrow 是典型的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，所以以后在there be的寫作中要注意可能出現(xiàn)的狀語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)的混淆錯(cuò)誤。
第二種托福寫作實(shí)用句型：動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞一般不可以在句首做主語(yǔ)，但是如果把動(dòng)詞加上ing，它就會(huì)變成“動(dòng)名詞”，那么這個(gè)主語(yǔ)就是“名正言順”的了。語(yǔ)法書中定義：“動(dòng)名詞，即是兼有名詞和動(dòng)詞特征的非限定性動(dòng)詞，可以做主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)等?！?/p>
所以上面的二個(gè)句子這樣翻譯最合適：
1. 讀書是一門藝術(shù)：Reading is an art.
2. 販賣毒品是犯法的：Selling drugs is illegal.
大家可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)的句子所包含的意思真的不是針對(duì)哪一個(gè)或哪一類人，暗指的對(duì)象應(yīng)該是整個(gè)大眾，所以，使用動(dòng)名詞開頭的句型不僅像是在說(shuō)理，而且還更加客觀、科學(xué)，是書面語(yǔ)的標(biāo)志。
第三種托福寫作實(shí)用句型：代詞做主語(yǔ)
第三種句型還是適用在找不到主語(yǔ)的情況下， 但是情況要顯得更加復(fù)雜一些。
例：“現(xiàn)在對(duì)于很多老師來(lái)說(shuō)處理學(xué)生的在校不恰當(dāng)行為并不是那么容易。”
句子看上去似乎很復(fù)雜，學(xué)生可能需要想很久、慢慢理清楚詞與詞之間的關(guān)系。其實(shí)，這時(shí)候有種很簡(jiǎn)單的方法就可以輕松地解決問(wèn)題。如果在翻譯一個(gè)腦海中出現(xiàn)的中文句子，注意到句子里有形容詞的話基本上至少可以用這個(gè)句型來(lái)處理：“It is + 形容詞+ for somebody to do sth.”
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托福獨(dú)立寫作中常用的11類連接詞匯總
